Monthly mean surface temperature at Orcadas station

1. Dataset information

Station location: 60°45'S, 44°43'W, Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands.

WMO identification: 88968

At just over 100 years in duration, the Orcadas data comprise the longest time-series of monthly Antarctic temperatures in existence, with (currently) only two months of data missing: January 1992 and October 2002. Most of this dataset has been produced by Dr Phil Reid of the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, who describes its development from four overlapping datasets as a "nightmare" due to the many discrepancies between them. These data can also be found in:

Jones, P.D. and P.A. Reid. 2001: A Data Bank of Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data. ORNL/CDIAC-27 NDP-032. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

This report can be accessed here.

Recent updates have been taken as the monthly CLIMAT messages when available. Values in red are missing from the BAS GTS record but have been taken from the Goddard Institutre for Space Studies (GISS) dataset or from SYNOP data if more than 90% of monthly values are available. All available values have been included in the derivation of the statistics.

This is available from here.

All available values have been included in the derivation of the statistics.

Go straight to the data.

2. Derived climate information

(i) Annual, seasonal and monthly temperature statistics for Orcadas.

These data are updated monthly. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.

Annual/Season/Month Mean
(°C) σ
(°C) Min.
(°C) q_0.25
(°C) q_0.75
(°C) Max.
(°C) Period n

Calendar year −3.9 1.2 −7.1 −4.7 −3.2 −1.5 1904-1991, 1993-2003, 2005-2011 106

Autumn −2.9 1.7 −7.5 −4.0 −1.8 +0.5 1904-2012 109
Winter −9.6 2.6 −16.7 −10.6 −8.0 −3.5 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
Spring −3.7 1.5 −7.6 −4.6 −2.5 −0.3 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
Summer +0.4 0.8 −1.8 −0.1 +1.0 +2.0 1903-1990, 1992-2011 108

January +0.6 0.8 −1.3 +0.1 +1.2 +2.5 1904-1991, 1993-2012 108
February +0.8 0.9 −2.5 +0.1 +1.5 +2.8 1904-2012 109
March −0.1 1.0 −2.6 −0.8 +0.6 +2.3 1904-2012 109
April −2.6 2.0 −8.4 −3.6 −1.2 +0.8 1903-2012 110
May −6.1 3.2 −15.0 −8.4 −3.7 −0.3 1903-2012 110
June −9.2 3.6 −19.6 −11.8 −6.5 −0.7 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
July −10.2 3.4 −21.2 −12.4 −8.0 −1.8 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
August −9.2 3.5 −19.5 −11.9 −6.5 −3.2 1903-2012 110
September −6.1 2.5 −12.8 −7.8 −4.1 −0.9 1903-2012 110
October −3.3 2.0 −9.5 −4.4 −2.0 +0.3 1903-2012 110
November −1.6 1.4 −4.9 −2.5 −0.7 +1.7 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
December −0.2 0.9 −2.3 −0.8 +0.3 +1.8 1903-2011 109
Summary of annual, seasonal and monthly Orcadas surface temperature statistics

Summary of annual, seasonal and monthly Orcadas surface temperature statistics
Annual/Season/Month	Mean (°C)	σ (°C)	Min. (°C)	q_0.25 (°C)	q_0.75 (°C)	Max. (°C)	Period	n
Calendar year	−3.9	1.2	−7.1	−4.7	−3.2	−1.5	1904-1991, 1993-2003, 2005-2011	106
Autumn	−2.9	1.7	−7.5	−4.0	−1.8	+0.5	1904-2012	109
Winter	−9.6	2.6	−16.7	−10.6	−8.0	−3.5	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
Spring	−3.7	1.5	−7.6	−4.6	−2.5	−0.3	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
Summer	+0.4	0.8	−1.8	−0.1	+1.0	+2.0	1903-1990, 1992-2011	108
January	+0.6	0.8	−1.3	+0.1	+1.2	+2.5	1904-1991, 1993-2012	108
February	+0.8	0.9	−2.5	+0.1	+1.5	+2.8	1904-2012	109
March	−0.1	1.0	−2.6	−0.8	+0.6	+2.3	1904-2012	109
April	−2.6	2.0	−8.4	−3.6	−1.2	+0.8	1903-2012	110
May	−6.1	3.2	−15.0	−8.4	−3.7	−0.3	1903-2012	110
June	−9.2	3.6	−19.6	−11.8	−6.5	−0.7	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
July	−10.2	3.4	−21.2	−12.4	−8.0	−1.8	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
August	−9.2	3.5	−19.5	−11.9	−6.5	−3.2	1903-2012	110
September	−6.1	2.5	−12.8	−7.8	−4.1	−0.9	1903-2012	110
October	−3.3	2.0	−9.5	−4.4	−2.0	+0.3	1903-2012	110
November	−1.6	1.4	−4.9	−2.5	−0.7	+1.7	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
December	−0.2	0.9	−2.3	−0.8	+0.3	+1.8	1903-2011	109

The monthly data are summarised in a PDF plot: Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from here

Orcadas monthly temperature statistics: this plot shows the mean, quartiles and range for each month.

(ii) Annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Orcadas surface temperature data

The trends listed below include 95% confidence intervals. The methodology is based upon:

Santer B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, J.S. Boyle, D. J. Gaffen, J.J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D.E. Parker and K.E. Taylor. 2000: Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average temperature time series. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7337-7356.

Briefly, an effective sample size is calculated based on the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient of the regression residuals, This effective sample size is used for the computation of the standard error and in indexing the critical values of the Student''s t distribution.

The significance level of the trend is given if it is less than 10%, 5% or 1%. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.

Annual/Season/Month Annual trend
(°C a⁻¹) Significance
(%) Period n

Calendar year +0.0207 ± 0.0070 1 1904-1991, 1993-2003, 2005-2011 106

Autumn +0.0200 ± 0.0092 1 1904-2012 109
Winter +0.0248 ± 0.0154 1 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
Spring +0.0186 ± 0.0068 1 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
Summer +0.0160 ± 0.0038 1 1903-1990, 1992-2011 108

January +0.0155 ± 0.0041 1 1904-1991, 1993-2012 108
February +0.0147 ± 0.0049 1 1904-2012 109
March +0.0128 ± 0.0053 1 1904-2012 109
April +0.0178 ± 0.0116 1 1903-2012 110
May +0.0311 ± 0.0174 1 1903-2012 110
June +0.0323 ± 0.0226 1 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
July +0.0192 ± 0.0201 10 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
August +0.0239 ± 0.0175 1 1903-2012 110
September +0.0191 ± 0.0134 1 1903-2012 110
October +0.0186 ± 0.0100 1 1903-2012 110
November +0.0195 ± 0.0070 1 1903-2003, 2005-2012 109
December +0.0174 ± 0.0038 1 1903-2011 109
Summary of trends in annual, seasonal and monthly Orcadas surface temperature

Summary of trends in annual, seasonal and monthly Orcadas surface temperature
Annual/Season/Month	Annual trend (°C a⁻¹)	Significance (%)	Period	n
Calendar year	+0.0207 ± 0.0070	1	1904-1991, 1993-2003, 2005-2011	106
Autumn	+0.0200 ± 0.0092	1	1904-2012	109
Winter	+0.0248 ± 0.0154	1	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
Spring	+0.0186 ± 0.0068	1	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
Summer	+0.0160 ± 0.0038	1	1903-1990, 1992-2011	108
January	+0.0155 ± 0.0041	1	1904-1991, 1993-2012	108
February	+0.0147 ± 0.0049	1	1904-2012	109
March	+0.0128 ± 0.0053	1	1904-2012	109
April	+0.0178 ± 0.0116	1	1903-2012	110
May	+0.0311 ± 0.0174	1	1903-2012	110
June	+0.0323 ± 0.0226	1	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
July	+0.0192 ± 0.0201	10	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
August	+0.0239 ± 0.0175	1	1903-2012	110
September	+0.0191 ± 0.0134	1	1903-2012	110
October	+0.0186 ± 0.0100	1	1903-2012	110
November	+0.0195 ± 0.0070	1	1903-2003, 2005-2012	109
December	+0.0174 ± 0.0038	1	1903-2011	109

PDF plots of the annual and seasonal data: Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from here

Calendar year Autumn (MAM) Winter (JJA) Spring (SON) Summer (DJF)

3. The dataset

        JAN    FEB    MAR    APR    MAY    JUN    JUL    AUG    SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC    ANN

1903                        -6.3   -8.3  -12.5   -8.4   -7.5  -10.3   -2.8   -1.5   -0.3      
1904    0.2    0.4    0.2   -3.9  -11.9   -8.5  -13.9  -10.8   -6.4   -7.6   -0.5   -1.8   -5.4
1905   -0.4   -0.8   -0.2   -4.3   -8.2  -11.9  -16.5   -5.3   -3.3   -2.4   -1.4    0.0   -4.6
1906    1.1    0.4   -1.4   -1.6   -7.0  -12.0  -11.8   -8.5   -8.3   -4.3   -1.5   -0.4   -4.6
1907    0.4    1.4    0.1   -0.9   -4.5  -11.4  -12.0  -16.7   -7.8   -4.7   -1.8   -1.4   -4.9
1908   -0.1    1.2    0.2   -1.5   -4.1   -5.4  -12.5   -6.2   -2.9   -2.4   -1.3   -0.6   -3.0
1909    1.0    0.6   -0.3   -3.5   -9.4  -10.2  -12.2   -6.6   -7.5   -2.4   -2.2   -0.9   -4.5
1910   -0.1    0.8    0.4   -1.9   -2.9   -5.2   -8.0  -11.5   -5.8   -3.2   -1.3   -1.5   -3.4
1911   -0.7    0.6   -0.7   -5.4   -5.9   -5.6   -8.9   -5.7   -4.0   -3.5   -4.4   -1.6   -3.8
1912    0.7    0.9   -1.6   -5.3   -9.7  -11.5  -14.3  -13.2   -5.6   -4.6   -4.1   -1.3   -5.8
1913   -1.0   -0.5   -1.9   -2.4   -4.0  -14.4  -13.2   -7.8   -5.0   -5.3   -4.9    0.2   -5.0
1914   -0.2    0.6    0.4   -0.5   -3.3   -9.0  -13.4   -7.4   -6.0   -5.8   -3.1   -0.1   -4.0
1915   -0.6   -0.4   -0.6   -4.6  -11.1  -13.4  -14.3  -18.0   -6.2   -3.4   -1.9   -1.4   -6.3
1916    0.1    0.0   -1.3   -5.3  -12.6  -10.6  -11.2   -7.6  -11.2   -4.3   -1.3   -0.6   -5.5
1917    0.4    0.6    0.2   -0.5   -1.8  -10.2   -6.9   -8.7  -11.3   -1.8   -0.4    0.3   -3.3
1918    1.9    1.1    0.2   -1.8   -9.1   -6.6   -7.6  -16.2   -5.0   -0.5   -1.4   -0.4   -3.8
1919    0.9    0.8    0.4   -3.8   -8.6   -8.5   -6.9   -3.8   -4.6   -3.5   -4.9    0.2   -3.5
1920    0.3    0.0   -1.0   -1.7   -5.8   -8.9  -10.0   -8.9   -8.8   -8.4   -2.0   -1.5   -4.7
1921   -0.7   -0.2   -0.5   -1.5  -10.8   -6.1   -9.8  -13.3   -6.4   -1.9   -3.2   -0.9   -4.6
1922    0.4    0.8   -1.4   -3.7   -9.8  -10.0   -6.8   -9.7   -6.2   -3.4   -0.4   -0.1   -4.2
1923    0.5    1.2    0.1   -2.6   -3.9   -7.8   -9.4   -9.8  -11.8   -3.1   -1.7   -2.3   -4.2
1924   -0.5   -2.5   -2.6   -5.8   -9.2   -8.0  -14.5   -7.3   -5.7   -2.1   -2.8   -0.3   -5.1
1925    0.3    0.8   -1.0   -1.2   -3.6  -10.6   -9.5   -9.0  -10.6   -6.6   -2.6   -0.2   -4.5
1926    1.1    1.8   -0.9   -3.3   -3.8  -14.7  -10.4   -6.3   -6.8   -7.6   -1.3   -0.2   -4.4
1927    0.2   -0.7   -0.5   -3.3   -6.4   -9.5  -11.2  -17.7   -8.5   -4.4   -3.6   -0.2   -5.5
1928    0.5   -0.1    0.0   -7.5  -15.0  -15.9  -11.6  -12.9   -8.1   -5.1   -2.9   -1.5   -6.7
1929   -1.0   -1.0   -2.4   -5.6   -6.7  -14.7  -12.1  -14.7   -4.0   -2.2   -0.7   -0.8   -5.5
1930    0.2   -0.1   -1.1   -7.0   -6.1  -18.1  -21.2  -10.8   -6.4   -9.5   -2.3   -1.1   -7.0
1931   -1.3   -0.5   -1.8   -4.4   -4.0   -9.0   -6.4   -6.5  -10.7   -4.6   -3.3   -1.5   -4.5
1932    0.3   -0.2   -0.9   -2.5   -5.9  -19.6  -16.3   -7.3   -3.5   -2.5   -1.1   -1.4   -5.1
1933   -0.1   -0.4   -0.3   -3.7   -6.3  -11.8   -7.7  -12.4   -5.8   -7.0   -4.0   -2.2   -5.1
1934    0.2   -1.0   -1.4   -2.7   -9.4  -13.7   -8.7   -8.4   -5.8   -2.7   -1.1    0.1   -4.5
1935    0.3    0.5    1.0   -3.2   -3.6   -6.5  -17.0  -14.9  -12.8   -3.9   -3.4   -0.8   -5.4
1936    0.0    1.2    0.4   -0.7   -7.9  -12.9   -7.6   -8.4   -4.9   -2.5   -0.8    1.1   -3.6
1937    1.3    0.7    0.9   -1.5   -2.1   -6.2   -8.8  -11.8   -3.0   -2.8   -1.1   -0.6   -2.9
1938    0.2   -0.4   -0.7   -1.5   -9.0   -9.5  -10.8  -12.0   -8.6   -2.2   -3.0   -1.4   -4.9
1939    0.4    0.9   -0.5   -2.4   -5.7  -16.3  -13.1  -19.5   -7.6   -1.8   -2.3   -1.1   -5.8
1940    0.2    1.0    0.4   -2.5   -6.2   -8.1   -9.6   -9.4   -4.8   -5.0   -1.1   -0.1   -3.8
1941    1.0    1.1   -1.4   -2.9   -3.9   -7.6   -6.2  -12.1   -9.6   -5.2   -2.9   -1.1   -4.2
1942    0.1    0.7   -1.8   -7.2   -8.6  -11.3   -5.0   -6.1  -10.3   -7.3   -3.9   -0.9   -5.1
1943    0.1    0.2   -0.8   -1.4  -10.0   -3.7   -4.0   -5.0   -3.2   -1.9   -1.0   -0.2   -2.6
1944    0.7    0.6    1.4   -0.7   -3.6   -9.1   -8.4  -10.1   -8.8   -4.9   -3.4   -1.1   -4.0
1945   -1.0    0.1   -2.3   -8.4  -11.4  -18.5  -13.4  -13.8   -8.7   -2.1   -4.2   -1.0   -7.1
1946    0.0    0.0    0.1   -2.1   -4.9   -9.2   -8.7   -5.8   -4.5   -3.5   -3.8   -0.6   -3.6
1947   -0.6   -0.1    0.2   -1.3   -7.4   -9.8  -10.5   -8.4   -4.4   -2.1   -0.3   -1.7   -3.9
1948    0.1   -0.4   -1.0   -3.4   -7.1   -5.5  -13.3  -12.4   -7.5   -2.9   -4.3   -0.6   -4.9
1949   -0.6   -0.7   -1.3   -8.3   -7.8  -12.6  -15.0  -11.2   -7.5   -3.6   -2.8   -1.0   -6.0
1950   -0.1   -0.2    0.0   -1.7  -13.6   -5.9  -12.3  -13.1   -6.1   -3.7   -1.1   -0.1   -4.8
1951    0.3    1.2    0.9    0.8   -4.3   -5.4  -10.9   -8.1   -5.8   -4.3   -3.5   -0.3   -3.3
1952    0.4    1.2   -0.2   -4.6  -11.6  -10.0   -9.8   -5.8   -3.4   -2.9   -1.3   -0.2   -4.0
1953    0.1   -0.5   -0.7   -4.1  -10.9   -7.2   -9.1   -5.6   -3.5   -2.0   -2.1    0.9   -3.7
1954    0.3    1.4    0.1   -0.1   -3.1  -13.2   -9.3  -13.9  -10.3   -1.6   -0.6   -0.6   -4.2
1955    1.4    2.5   -0.3    0.1   -2.7   -7.5   -7.4   -6.5   -3.6   -0.5   -0.7   -0.5   -2.1
1956    0.3    1.1    0.9   -0.1   -0.3   -0.7   -5.9   -4.1   -5.1   -2.4   -0.6   -0.6   -1.5
1957    0.6    1.5    1.5   -0.2   -3.2  -11.9   -8.7  -10.6   -3.3   -5.5   -1.0   -0.9   -3.5
1958    0.5   -0.7   -1.2   -2.7  -14.8  -12.1  -14.9   -9.1   -4.1   -1.4    0.2   -0.2   -5.0
1959    0.5    0.1   -0.3   -5.5   -6.4  -11.1  -17.7  -13.2   -6.6   -3.1   -1.5   -0.1   -5.4
1960    0.6    1.7    1.5   -1.8   -4.3   -8.3  -10.8   -6.7   -3.6   -2.2   -1.5    0.3   -2.9
1961    1.2    0.1   -0.2   -1.9   -4.6  -10.1  -11.4  -12.5   -8.5   -2.1   -1.3   -0.2   -4.3
1962    1.1    1.0   -0.2   -0.4   -4.9   -3.2   -8.2   -6.4   -1.8   -0.2   -1.4    0.6   -2.0
1963    1.5    1.5   -0.3   -2.1   -3.1   -7.2   -6.8  -10.1   -6.7   -7.0   -2.3    0.1   -3.5
1964    0.5    0.6   -0.5   -5.1   -4.8   -7.8  -11.5  -13.8   -4.7   -0.8   -1.0    0.2   -4.1
1965    1.3    1.8    1.7   -1.1   -1.2   -4.4   -9.4  -11.2   -4.9   -4.9   -1.3   -1.4   -2.9
1966   -0.2   -1.2   -0.6   -3.3   -9.4  -10.2  -11.6   -7.0   -5.7   -3.6   -3.1   -0.7   -4.7
1967    0.2    0.5    0.8   -1.8   -8.4   -9.9   -5.7   -8.2   -8.1   -4.8   -1.6   -0.5   -4.0
1968   -0.7    0.8   -0.5   -1.9   -6.6   -9.6   -6.9   -6.5   -4.0   -1.1   -1.1    0.2   -3.2
1969    1.4    1.3   -1.5   -2.8   -8.5  -10.3   -9.6   -9.5   -3.2   -3.5   -1.1    0.1   -3.9
1970   -0.4    0.3   -2.4   -3.2   -6.1   -9.7   -7.1   -7.1   -2.0   -1.5   -0.6    0.3   -3.3
1971    0.9    0.9    0.5   -2.0   -8.8   -5.9   -9.6   -6.2   -6.0   -2.1   -0.7   -1.7   -3.4
1972   -0.3   -0.4   -1.0   -2.3   -5.6  -13.7   -9.7  -15.2   -5.4   -4.4   -3.1    0.4   -5.1
1973   -1.0    0.2    0.4   -3.8  -10.8  -13.2   -9.6   -8.3   -8.1   -1.4   -1.4    0.4   -4.7
1974    1.2    1.8    1.4   -2.5   -7.4   -9.7   -9.7  -11.9   -6.5   -2.2   -1.0    0.0   -3.9
1975    0.8    1.9   -0.6   -1.7   -7.4  -14.4  -12.7  -13.2   -8.1   -0.8   -1.5    0.8   -4.7
1976    1.0    1.7    0.6   -0.4   -2.9   -9.3  -10.2   -9.4   -7.9   -1.5   -0.4    0.0   -3.2
1977    1.3    1.5    0.3   -0.6   -2.0   -3.1   -8.2   -8.4   -5.4   -3.1   -1.0    0.2   -2.4
1978    0.8    1.5   -0.2   -1.8   -1.9   -5.5  -13.4   -7.3   -3.7   -1.5   -2.3   -0.4   -3.0
1979    0.9    1.0    0.8   -0.9   -7.6  -11.5   -9.4   -6.2   -5.5   -4.2   -2.5   -0.1   -3.8
1980    0.8    1.4   -0.3   -6.3   -9.4  -13.4  -18.1  -13.4   -8.6   -3.8   -2.1    0.3   -6.1
1981    0.5    1.0   -0.6   -1.2   -4.1   -7.1   -9.5  -11.0   -5.5   -7.2   -0.8    0.2   -3.8
1982    1.3    1.6    1.3   -0.3   -1.0   -3.9  -13.4  -10.8   -6.4   -2.9   -2.8    0.4   -3.1
1983    0.6    0.4   -0.5   -2.7   -6.4   -8.3   -4.7   -4.3   -8.7   -3.6   -0.3    0.3   -3.2
1984    0.6    1.2   -0.1   -2.6   -3.8  -12.6  -11.0   -6.1   -1.4   -3.1   -0.2    0.8   -3.2
1985    2.1    1.8   -1.6   -0.7   -5.4   -9.8   -4.6   -5.0   -1.6   -2.0   -0.7    0.6   -2.2
1986    1.2    1.2    1.1   -0.9   -5.8   -5.0   -9.9   -8.8   -6.4   -2.3   -1.4   -0.5   -3.1
1987    1.0    1.2    0.6   -2.6   -5.2  -10.4  -14.8   -7.4   -3.8   -3.9    0.2    0.5   -3.7
1988    0.8    2.0    1.1   -2.6   -4.5   -9.9  -10.1  -13.0   -5.6   -4.5   -1.9    0.3   -4.0
1989    1.3    0.5    0.9   -5.3   -2.9   -5.0   -1.8   -3.8   -2.1   -1.1   -0.2    1.0   -1.5
1990    1.5    2.2    1.2   -2.2   -5.3   -4.5   -8.6   -7.5   -6.2   -3.1   -0.4    0.4   -2.7
1991    2.2    1.9   -0.5   -1.5  -10.0  -12.1  -10.7   -7.8   -5.3   -5.6   -0.7   -0.9   -4.2
1992           1.3   -1.7   -2.4   -9.5  -11.9  -12.7   -5.4   -3.0   -2.5    0.4    1.8
1993    1.4    1.6    0.6   -0.9   -1.5   -4.8   -6.6   -5.3   -8.9   -3.4   -0.3   -0.2   -2.4
1994    1.1    1.6    0.6   -2.4   -5.9   -9.5  -14.7   -6.7   -1.9   -6.4    0.0    0.0   -3.7
1995    2.5    2.2    0.5   -1.4   -3.7   -6.9  -12.4  -12.3   -7.0   -0.7   -0.8    0.5   -3.3
1996    1.1    1.7    1.1   -2.5   -3.6   -9.2   -8.9   -6.1   -5.5   -1.0    0.3    0.5   -2.7
1997    2.0    1.6    1.1   -1.2   -3.1   -5.1  -11.4   -7.7  -12.1   -6.5   -4.1   -0.3   -3.9
1998    0.8    0.1    0.4   -0.6   -7.1   -6.4   -6.8   -9.1   -6.7   -2.0    0.1    0.4   -3.1
1999    1.5    1.8    1.0    0.8   -1.8   -2.9   -4.1   -9.1   -7.8   -2.0   -0.6    0.5   -1.9
2000    1.3    1.7    1.5    0.3   -2.3   -4.5   -6.2  -10.5   -7.3   -3.0   -2.2   -0.4   -2.6
2001    0.7    0.6   -0.1   -5.2   -3.4  -11.4  -15.2   -3.3   -3.8    0.3    0.3    1.8   -3.2
2002    2.0    1.9    0.0   -0.4   -5.0   -8.6   -8.0   -9.1   -4.4   -6.9   -1.2    0.3   -3.3   
2003    0.9    1.8   -0.8   -3.6   -6.3  -11.9   -7.6   -3.2   -2.9   -1.7   -1.5   -0.1   -3.1
2004    1.2    0.6    2.0   -3.6   -7.6                 -5.6   -3.7   -0.7           1.4
2005    1.8    1.9    0.4   -2.3   -4.5  -11.9  -13.5   -5.6   -4.5   -1.0    0.3    0.6   -3.2
2006    2.1    1.9    2.1    0.3   -0.9   -7.6   -6.2  -16.6   -8.6   -1.6    0.4    1.5   -2.8
2007    1.5    0.5   -0.9   -1.3   -4.4   -7.4  -14.0   -5.8   -5.7   -2.6   -2.6    1.1   -3.5
2008    1.8    1.7   -0.4   -2.4   -4.6   -9.9   -7.4   -6.9   -0.9   -0.6    0.7    1.4   -2.3
2009    2.2    1.4    1.6   -0.9   -2.1   -6.0  -10.6  -11.5   -5.6   -0.9   -0.9    1.2   -2.7
2010    1.1    0.9    0.1   -2.8   -5.3   -3.2   -6.1   -6.5   -4.6   -0.4    1.7    1.3   -2.0
2011    2.0    2.8    2.3   -1.0   -2.5   -2.4  -11.0  -13.6   -6.4   -2.4    0.7    1.1   -2.5
2012    1.1    1.0   -0.7   -3.3   -6.1   -7.8   -9.8   -5.7   -6.7   -3.4   -1.9

4. Links

A photograph of the station taken in 1997 (photo courtesy of Julián Brizzi).

The home page of the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina

The latest synoptic report from Orcadas station.

This web page was written to look good in MS Explorer 5.0 using character entity references from HTML 4.0. Apologies if it doesn't quite work for you — anyway the data should be OK. Comments should be addressed to Dr Gareth Marshall at gjma@pcmail.nbs.ac.uk.

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