Station location: 65°15'S, 64°16'W, Marina Point, Galindez Island, Antarctic Peninsula.
WMO identification: 89063
Data in black are derived from the READER dataset and are calculated from 6-hourly synoptic data. They are an extraordinarily complete dataset with no 6-hourly observations missing until 1995, when the station became Vernadsky, and only nine thereafter. Unfortunately, data prior to April 1950 are not consistent and contain potential errors, which are discussed below.
Data before February 1947 are proxy data from Jones and Reid (2001) and should be considered a tentative estimate at best. The following, on how these data were produced, is taken from the original Jones & Limbert (1987) report:
"For temperature, the Port Lockroy (64°50'S, 63°31'W) record was warmer than Faraday the differences ranging from 0.8°C in January to 3.0°C in August (1.8°C, annual mean). Correction factors, estimated from comparative data at the two stations between 1948 and 1951, were added to the Port Lockroy data"
There are several months missing from the Port Lockroy dataset between 1948 and 1951, so assuming a correction factor as large as 3°C based on such a short period of overlap is unreliable. Moreover, there are diurnal biases at both stations (see below) that are not considered. Thus these data should be used with extreme caution if at all.
Prior to April 1950 the Faraday/Vernadsky data in Jones and Reid (2001) contain a temperature bias because the monthly means are based on observations that are not uniformly distributed throughout the diurnal cycle. Initially, the temperature was only measured at 12Z, 18Z and 23Z giving a warm bias to the data, especially in summer when the diurnal temperature range will be greater as the sun is higher in the sky.
Jones, P.D. and P.A. Reid. 2001: A Data Bank of Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data. ORNL/CDIAC-27 NDP-032. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
This report can be accessed here.
These early data, shown in blue, are included for completeness but are not used in calculating any statistics.
Data from 2011 onwards (in red) are based on CLIMAT monthly station reports from Vernadsky: they will be updated in the future once the complete 6-hourly become available.
Go straight to the data.
(i) Annual, seasonal and monthly temperature statistics for Faraday/Vernadsky
These data are updated whenever new data become available and are derived only from actual Faraday/Vernadsky observations beginning in April 1950. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.
| Annual/Season/Month | Mean (°C) | σ (°C) | Min. (°C) | q0.25 (°C) | q0.75 (°C) | Max. (°C) | Period | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calendar year | −3.7 | 1.6 | −8.1 | −4.8 | −2.3 | −1.2 | 1951-2011 | 61 |
| Autumn | −2.5 | 1.8 | −10.0 | −2.9 | −1.4 | −0.1 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| Winter | −8.0 | 3.3 | −17.4 | −10.3 | −5.5 | −2.5 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| Spring | −4.6 | 1.5 | −8.0 | −5.6 | −3.5 | −1.3 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| Summer | +0.4 | 0.7 | −1.8 | −0.1 | +0.8 | +1.9 | 1950-2011 | 62 |
| January | +0.8 | 0.9 | −1.4 | +0.2 | +1.5 | +2.3 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| February | +0.6 | 1.0 | −3.0 | +0.1 | +1.2 | +2.4 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| March | −0.5 | 1.1 | −4.6 | −1.2 | +0.3 | +1.6 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| April | −2.6 | 2.3 | −14.0 | −3.1 | −1.3 | +0.1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| May | −4.4 | 2.7 | −13.9 | −5.3 | −2.9 | −0.2 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| June | −6.5 | 3.1 | −17.1 | −8.1 | −4.3 | −1.1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| July | −8.6 | 4.5 | −20.1 | −11.6 | −5.4 | −2.6 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| August | −9.0 | 3.8 | −17.4 | −10.9 | −6.1 | −2.9 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| September | −7.1 | 3.0 | −14.2 | −8.9 | −4.9 | −2.1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| October | −4.6 | 2.0 | −9.5 | −6.0 | −3.3 | −0.6 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| November | −2.0 | 1.1 | −4.7 | −2.7 | −1.2 | 0.0 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| December | −0.2 | 0.7 | −1.7 | −0.6 | +0.2 | +1.7 | 1950-2011 | 62
|
Faraday/Vernadsky monthly temperature statistics: this plot shows the mean, quartiles and range for each month.
(ii) Annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Faraday/Vernadsky surface temperature data
The trends listed below include 95% confidence intervals. The methodology is based upon:
Santer B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, J.S. Boyle, D. J. Gaffen, J.J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D.E. Parker and K.E. Taylor. 2000: Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average temperature time series. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7337-7356.
Briefly, an effective sample size is calculated based on the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient of the regression residuals, This effective sample size is used for the computation of the standard error and in indexing the critical values of the Student''s t distribution.
The significance level of the trend is given if it is less than 10%, 5% or 1%. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.
| Annual/Season/Month | Annual trend (°C a−1) | Significance (%) | Period | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calendar year | +0.0538 ± 0.0265 | 1 | 1951-2011 | 61 |
| Autumn | +0.0505 ± 0.0297 | 1 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| Winter | +0.1018 ± 0.0510 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| Spring | +0.0362 ± 0.0251 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| Summer | +0.0219 ± 0.0090 | 1 | 1950-2011 | 62 |
| January | +0.0242 ± 0.0106 | 1 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| February | +0.0264 ± 0.0136 | 1 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| March | +0.0273 ± 0.0142 | 1 | 1951-2012 | 62 |
| April | +0.0451 ± 0.0372 | 5 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| May | +0.0815 ± 0.0403 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| June | +0.0854 ± 0.0436 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| July | +0.1117 ± 0.0733 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| August | +0.1083 ± 0.0514 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| September | +0.0605 ± 0.0433 | 1 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| October | +0.0297 ± 0.0274 | 5 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| November | +0.0185 ± 0.0147 | 5 | 1950-2012 | 63 |
| December | +0.0150 ± 0.0074 | 1 | 1950-2011 | 62
|
Calendar year
Autumn (MAM)
Winter (JJA)
Spring (SON)
Summer (DJF)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN
1944 -0.1 -1.3 -6.7 -13.4 -12.2 -11.2 -10.5 -6.2 -2.0 0.5
1945 0.1 0.8 -1.5 -4.4 -4.9 -9.6 -12.8 -10.2 -10.4 -7.4 -4.4 0.2 -5.4
1946 0.9 0.0 -0.1 -2.4 -4.1 -4.9 -7.5 -12.5 -7.3 -8.7 -4.8 -1.0 -4.4
1947 1.2 1.8 0.7 -1.7 -5.0 -11.4 -5.9 -9.6 -8.5 -4.9 -2.0 -0.7 -3.8
1948 0.3 -0.3 -1.2 -3.6 -5.4 -6.6 -13.7 -12.0 -11.9 -4.6 -5.8 -0.4 -5.4
1949 0.3 -1.1 -3.2 -8.2 -11.4 -13.3 -12.1 -13.1 -8.6 -5.0 -3.3 0.5 -6.5
1950 0.4 -1.2 -0.3 -3.4 -9.1 -6.4 -7.8 -16.9 -8.7 -4.7 -2.4 -0.5 -5.1
1951 -0.9 -0.4 0.0 -0.5 -3.9 -6.9 -11.2 -8.4 -13.6 -5.4 -1.7 0.1 -4.4
1952 1.0 0.3 -1.9 -4.7 -11.0 -8.2 -11.8 -7.0 -5.7 -6.6 -3.0 -1.1 -5.0
1953 -1.2 -3.0 -4.6 -12.1 -13.3 -14.3 -15.1 -9.7 -8.0 -6.2 -2.8 0.2 -7.5
1954 -0.8 0.1 -1.2 -4.6 -7.1 -11.8 -13.4 -17.4 -11.7 -2.9 -1.1 0.2 -6.0
1955 0.3 0.8 -1.3 -1.9 -4.2 -7.9 -5.9 -7.1 -6.7 -3.4 -4.0 -1.2 -3.5
1956 0.8 0.9 0.3 -1.0 -1.4 -1.8 -6.0 -4.0 -6.3 -2.6 -1.4 -0.9 -1.9
1957 1.1 0.9 0.2 -1.2 -3.6 -12.1 -14.1 -14.0 -4.9 -7.6 -1.1 -1.2 -4.8
1958 0.4 -0.7 -2.1 -3.0 -11.8 -17.1 -18.6 -16.6 -13.4 -5.0 -0.6 -1.7 -7.5
1959 -1.4 -2.2 -1.8 -14.0 -13.9 -9.1 -20.1 -12.8 -11.0 -5.2 -4.7 -0.8 -8.1
1960 0.2 0.8 -1.6 -5.9 -5.7 -10.9 -12.4 -11.0 -4.8 -4.3 -4.0 -1.1 -5.1
1961 1.7 0.4 -0.8 -1.9 -4.7 -7.7 -10.7 -13.6 -8.5 -5.9 -3.5 -0.5 -4.6
1962 0.2 -0.4 -1.2 -1.4 -4.0 -5.6 -7.9 -9.6 -7.0 -3.3 -3.2 -0.6 -3.7
1963 0.2 0.4 -2.0 -4.5 -3.6 -6.5 -9.0 -15.6 -11.1 -8.5 -2.5 0.3 -5.2
1964 0.6 0.3 -1.6 -4.8 -5.4 -9.3 -5.6 -16.0 -9.3 -2.2 -1.5 -0.1 -4.6
1965 0.4 0.9 0.9 -3.1 -2.8 -6.0 -11.5 -13.3 -6.2 -8.4 -2.1 -0.6 -4.3
1966 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -3.2 -4.8 -6.9 -16.2 -11.6 -10.4 -6.1 -2.3 -0.6 -5.2
1967 -0.7 -1.0 -0.4 -1.2 -6.1 -6.5 -7.2 -9.4 -9.0 -7.1 -3.0 -0.5 -4.3
1968 0.2 -0.2 -1.1 -0.6 -3.6 -6.6 -5.0 -8.5 -9.4 -4.1 -2.6 -0.4 -3.5
1969 -0.2 0.1 -2.6 -3.9 -7.2 -11.3 -13.1 -7.9 -4.7 -7.1 -2.3 0.0 -5.0
1970 -0.4 0.0 -1.4 -4.4 -5.1 -6.3 -4.5 -10.2 -2.1 -3.5 -0.5 0.3 -3.2
1971 1.2 0.9 0.2 -1.4 -4.5 -2.7 -4.3 -4.8 -4.6 -1.8 -1.1 -0.1 -1.9
1972 1.8 1.6 0.3 -0.7 -2.5 -5.2 -3.4 -9.0 -3.7 -3.5 -1.6 0.6 -2.1
1973 0.2 1.0 -0.6 -3.2 -4.6 -7.4 -9.1 -5.7 -7.4 -3.7 -1.6 0.1 -3.5
1974 1.9 2.2 1.4 -1.9 -3.5 -3.7 -5.0 -5.6 -7.3 -2.5 -1.2 0.5 -2.1
1975 1.2 1.5 -0.2 -1.3 -3.9 -7.2 -9.2 -8.1 -5.1 -3.4 -3.9 -0.1 -3.3
1976 -0.1 0.8 -0.1 -1.1 -4.9 -9.8 -11.8 -16.4 -10.0 -5.3 -1.1 -0.2 -5.0
1977 1.6 0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -4.0 -5.5 -17.5 -10.8 -13.7 -8.5 -1.9 -0.4 -5.1
1978 -0.4 -0.2 -2.1 -3.5 -3.8 -5.1 -17.9 -12.6 -8.1 -5.8 -4.6 -0.6 -5.4
1979 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -2.0 -7.4 -9.0 -9.0 -9.7 -7.1 -5.5 -2.2 -0.4 -4.4
1980 0.0 1.2 -1.9 -5.6 -5.6 -9.9 -16.0 -16.2 -8.2 -6.5 -3.9 -0.6 -6.1
1981 0.2 0.1 -0.3 -2.4 -6.1 -8.6 -9.0 -10.7 -10.8 -6.8 -3.2 -0.7 -4.9
1982 0.6 0.2 0.3 -1.9 -2.4 -3.9 -11.6 -8.8 -9.5 -7.5 -3.2 0.8 -3.9
1983 1.4 0.3 -0.9 -2.1 -2.5 -3.0 -3.1 -5.1 -6.3 -4.7 -1.2 -0.3 -2.3
1984 0.8 1.2 0.7 -1.6 -3.4 -6.0 -6.4 -5.6 -3.6 -5.9 -1.8 0.4 -2.6
1985 2.3 1.8 0.0 -0.5 -3.3 -4.3 -5.7 -5.8 -2.9 -3.2 -0.8 0.1 -1.9
1986 1.7 2.0 0.8 -1.0 -5.6 -4.3 -7.6 -10.6 -11.5 -6.2 -3.5 -0.8 -3.9
1987 0.7 -0.2 -1.2 -2.6 -3.8 -9.1 -19.9 -12.3 -14.2 -4.9 -1.6 0.0 -5.8
1988 0.4 0.8 -0.3 -2.3 -3.2 -4.0 -5.4 -10.0 -4.6 -2.5 -1.1 -0.2 -2.7
1989 1.6 2.4 1.3 -2.6 -1.6 -3.3 -2.7 -3.4 -3.8 -1.6 -1.0 0.5 -1.2
1990 2.0 2.4 0.8 -3.0 -3.5 -4.3 -3.6 -7.3 -6.3 -4.3 -3.5 -0.7 -2.6
1991 1.1 0.8 -0.9 -2.3 -5.2 -7.8 -5.8 -7.1 -5.5 -7.5 -2.3 -0.5 -3.6
1992 0.7 -0.3 -1.4 -2.1 -6.9 -10.9 -10.4 -8.6 -6.6 -3.9 -1.8 1.6 -4.2
1993 1.3 0.9 -1.0 -2.3 -3.4 -6.2 -6.2 -5.5 -5.9 -4.9 -0.7 -0.8 -2.9
1994 0.7 0.8 -0.3 -1.4 -3.3 -4.7 -12.2 -7.0 -8.5 -9.5 0.0 0.1 -3.8
1995 1.6 0.5 -0.7 -1.3 -3.3 -7.0 -8.7 -12.2 -8.7 -3.8 -2.7 -0.2 -3.9
1996 1.2 0.9 0.9 -2.2 -2.3 -3.8 -5.7 -7.9 -2.5 -3.9 -2.0 0.4 -2.2
1997 1.7 0.7 -0.2 -1.9 -3.2 -4.3 -8.5 -6.7 -8.7 -3.6 -2.3 0.4 -3.0
1998 1.5 1.4 0.4 0.1 -3.0 -1.1 -2.6 -3.9 -6.1 -3.3 -1.4 -0.1 -1.5
1999 0.8 1.0 0.5 -0.6 -1.3 -4.3 -3.9 -9.2 -9.1 -3.6 -1.5 -1.0 -2.7
2000 -0.4 0.0 -0.7 -2.0 -2.7 -2.5 -3.8 -5.3 -6.6 -1.8 -1.2 1.1 -2.2
2001 2.2 2.3 1.6 -1.6 -0.2 -3.9 -6.4 -6.3 -6.5 -2.9 -2.4 -0.1 -2.0
2002 0.8 0.3 -2.2 -1.1 -5.9 -9.3 -7.3 -7.5 -3.0 -4.9 -1.9 0.5 -3.5
2003 2.2 1.8 0.2 -1.2 -3.1 -4.9 -3.4 -2.9 -6.4 -4.1 -1.9 -0.3 -2.0
2004 1.7 1.0 0.4 -1.3 -3.4 -4.5 -4.8 -9.0 -8.8 -6.5 -1.5 -0.4 -3.1
2005 0.0 0.2 -0.8 -2.3 -4.1 -7.3 -7.3 -7.9 -5.6 -2.8 -1.2 -0.4 -3.3
2006 1.1 1.8 1.3 -0.6 -2.2 -3.8 -5.3 -7.3 -6.1 -1.9 -1.6 1.0 -2.0
2007 1.9 1.5 -0.7 -2.1 -2.6 -4.6 -6.6 -4.7 -3.3 -4.6 -2.2 -0.3 -2.4
2008 0.9 1.2 0.1 -1.7 -2.1 -2.7 -4.7 -7.8 -2.3 -1.6 -0.6 -0.4 -1.8
2009 1.5 1.3 0.2 -4.6 -2.6 -4.1 -6.8 -3.9 -4.2 -3.6 -1.8 1.7 -2.2
2010 1.8 1.9 -0.2 -2.0 -2.9 -2.3 -5.6 -5.0 -3.2 -0.6 0.0 0.1 -1.5
2011 1.4 1.8 0.9 -2.9 -2.5 -5.4 -7.9 -8.1 -6.9 -3.3 -1.3 0.5 -2.8
2012 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -1.6 -1.7 -5.6 -3.8 -4.1 -4.6 -5.7 -2.3
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