Station location: 63°24'S, 56°59'W, Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctic Peninsula.
WMO identification: 88963
Data prior to 1961 have been taken from Jones & Limbert (1987). The following, on how these data were produced, is taken from their report:
"Composed of the Argentinian base of Esperanza and the United Kingdom base of Hope Bay (March 1945 - December 1948 and April 1957 - December 1959). The two distinct bases are at the same site and no adjustments were made to either record"
Jones, P.D. and D.W.S. Limbert, 1987: A Data Bank of Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data. Office of Energy Research, Report no. TR038, USA Department of Energy. Washington, 52 pp.
This report can be accessed here.
Data from 1961-1999 onwards have been supplied by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina (see links section). However, there are some gaps in this series; where possible these have been filled from other sources and are shown in red: missing data before 1987 are once again taken from Jones & Limbert (1987), while after this time they are derived from the monthly CLIMAT messages. From 1999 onwards the monthly values are taken by default from the CLIMAT messages.
When such data are unobtainable a value has been derived from SYNOP data if more than 90% of monthly values are available: these values are shown in red. All monthly values have been included in the derivation of the statistics.
Go straight to the data.
(i) Annual, seasonal and monthly temperature statistics for Esperanza.
These data are updated monthly. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.
| Annual/Season/Month | Mean (°C) | σ (°C) | Min. (°C) | q0.25 (°C) | q0.75 (°C) | Max. (°C) | Period | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calendar year | −5.2 | 1.2 | −7.7 | −6.0 | −4.3 | −3.0 | 1946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2011 | 61 |
| Autumn | −6.2 | 2.1 | −10.8 | −7.9 | −4.8 | −1.1 | 1945-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 63 |
| Winter | −10.7 | 2.4 | −15.7 | −12.5 | −9.2 | −4.8 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 65 |
| Spring | −4.3 | 1.5 | −7.8 | −5.5 | −3.3 | −1.1 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 64 |
| Summer | +0.3 | 1.0 | −1.7 | −0.4 | +1.2 | +2.4 | 1945-47, 1952-77, 1980-2011 | 61 |
| January | +0.8 | 1.2 | −2.4 | +0.1 | +1.6 | +3.1 | 1946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 62 |
| February | −0.2 | 1.7 | −3.6 | −1.5 | +1.1 | +2.9 | 1946-48, 1953-2012 | 63 |
| March | −2.8 | 2.1 | −7.5 | −4.2 | −1.5 | +2.2 | 1945-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 63 |
| April | −6.8 | 3.0 | −11.8 | −8.8 | −4.4 | +0.6 | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| May | −9.0 | 3.4 | −15.7 | −11.6 | −6.5 | −2.5 | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| June | −11.1 | 3.3 | −19.6 | −13.0 | −9.2 | −3.9 | 1945-48, 1952-2003, 2005-2012 | 65 |
| July | −11.2 | 3.6 | −18.4 | −13.8 | −8.6 | −0.6 | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| August | −9.9 | 3.1 | −20.8 | −11.7 | −7.7 | −3.9 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 65 |
| September | −7.1 | 2.5 | −12.5 | −8.8 | −5.2 | 0.0 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 64 |
| October | −4.2 | 2.6 | −11.9 | −5.8 | −2.7 | +0.5 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 64 |
| November | −1.7 | 2.0 | −7.5 | −3.1 | −0.3 | +1.7 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 64 |
| December | +0.4 | 1.2 | −2.6 | −0.4 | +1.0 | +3.6 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2011 | 63
|
Esperanza monthly temperature statistics: this plot shows the mean, quartiles and range for each month.
(ii) Annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Esperanza surface temperature data
The trends listed below include 95% confidence intervals. The methodology is based upon:
Santer B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, J.S. Boyle, D. J. Gaffen, J.J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D.E. Parker and K.E. Taylor. 2000: Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average temperature time series. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7337-7356.
Briefly, an effective sample size is calculated based on the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient of the regression residuals, This effective sample size is used for the computation of the standard error and in indexing the critical values of the Student''s t distribution.
The significance level of the trend is given if it is less than 10%, 5% or 1%. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.
| Annual/Season/Month | Annual trend (°C a−1) | Significance (%) | Period | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calendar year | +0.0289 ± 0.0130 | 1 | 1946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2011 | 61 |
| Autumn | +0.0340 ± 0.0332 | 10 | 1945-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 63 |
| Winter | +0.0218 ± 0.0255 | 10 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 65 |
| Spring | +0.0210 ± 0.0155 | 1 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 64 |
| Summer | +0.0385 ± 0.0096 | 1 | 1945-47, 1952-77, 1980-2011 | 61 |
| January | +0.0367 ± 0.0160 | 1 | 1946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 62 |
| February | +0.0507 ± 0.0160 | 1 | 1946-48, 1953-2012 | 63 |
| March | +0.0338 ± 0.0264 | 5 | 1945-48, 1953-78, 1980-2012 | 63 |
| April | +0.0184 ± 0.0468 | - | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| May | +0.0573 ± 0.0552 | 5 | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| June | +0.0166 ± 0.0377 | - | 1945-48, 1952-2003, 2005-2012 | 65 |
| July | +0.0165 ± 0.0405 | - | 1945-48, 1952-2012 | 65 |
| August | +0.0324 ± 0.0406 | - | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 65 |
| September | +0.0137 ± 0.0319 | - | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 64 |
| October | +0.0170 ± 0.0287 | - | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2012 | 64 |
| November | +0.0322 ± 0.0200 | 1 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-2012 | 64 |
| December | +0.0300 ± 0.0135 | 1 | 1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2011 | 63
|
Calendar year
Autumn (MAM)
Winter (JJA)
Spring (SON)
Summer (DJF)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN
1945 -4.6 -10.8 -10.4 -16.7 -17.1 -13.4 -7.1 -5.8 -5.2 -0.8
1946 -0.4 -2.6 -0.1 -4.4 -7.8 -5.7 -6.7 -11.1 -7.3 -9.5 -6.6 -1.1 -5.3
1947 -2.4 -0.8 -1.3 -7.2 -11.2 -12.1 -10.8 -7.7 -9.3 -4.1 0.2 -2.6 -5.8
1948 0.3 -2.9 -4.2 -7.2 -11.0 -11.2 -17.1 -11.8 -6.7 -3.9 -7.5 -1.7 -7.1
1949
1950
1951
1952 -10.4 -13.9 -8.2 -10.3 -7.5 -6.1 -4.9 -1.5 -0.2
1953 -0.7 -1.1 -6.0 -9.2 -11.7 -12.2 -7.5 -6.5 -6.4 -7.0 -2.2 1.0 -5.8
1954 -1.0 -2.1 -4.0 -3.8 -6.5 -13.6 -15.2 -16.5 -11.9 -3.4 -2.0 -0.6 -6.7
1955 1.6 0.2 -5.5 -6.3 -8.8 -8.7 -9.4 -9.6 -3.5 -1.9 -3.1 -1.7 -4.7
1956 -0.5 -2.1 -5.8 -4.4 -7.9 -5.7 -7.5 -5.7 -7.7 -4.4 -0.7 -1.3 -4.5
1957 -0.4 1.9 -2.9 -1.7 -8.0 -17.1 -13.8 -9.5 -6.3 -11.9 -0.8 -1.1 -6.0
1958 0.1 -1.9 -2.4 -8.6 -14.4 -15.3 -13.7 -11.8 -8.7 -3.2 0.6 -0.4 -6.6
1959 -0.2 -3.3 -3.1 -8.8 -10.8 -12.5 -16.7 -14.1 -10.6 -3.0 -3.0 -0.2 -7.2
1960 1.1 0.6 0.0 -11.6 -12.1 -8.2 -10.3 -10.3 -4.9 -6.6 -4.2 0.4 -5.5
1961 0.3 -2.2 -7.5 -11.6 -13.2 -17.1 -14.6 -10.8 -10.9 -2.8 -2.5 0.5 -7.7
1962 2.5 1.4 -4.6 -2.3 -4.9 -10.5 -7.9 -7.6 -4.6 -1.3 -3.6 0.9 -3.5
1963 1.7 -0.1 -4.4 -7.7 -6.0 -10.5 -8.3 -11.4 -6.9 -7.5 -0.5 0.5 -5.1
1964 0.6 -0.9 -2.6 -10.8 -6.6 -11.8 -12.2 -20.8 -6.0 -1.0 -0.3 0.2 -6.0
1965 0.9 0.4 2.2 -6.2 -7.5 -10.5 -12.3 -11.1 -6.8 -5.6 -0.7 -1.9 -4.9
1966 0.6 -2.2 -4.2 -2.9 -14.5 -10.9 -14.7 -7.7 -7.8 -3.3 -1.2 0.9 -5.7
1967 -0.1 -3.0 -1.7 -8.8 -15.1 -13.0 -10.6 -7.8 -7.2 -4.6 -5.2 0.3 -6.4
1968 -0.2 -2.7 -6.3 -5.7 -12.1 -11.3 -10.6 -10.3 -5.2 -2.6 -1.1 0.9 -5.6
1969 -0.6 -2.8 -5.6 -7.9 -9.8 -14.3 -10.7 -7.3 -4.8 -7.7 -5.8 1.3 -6.3
1970 1.6 -1.0 -3.2 -7.7 -11.6 -12.2 -6.9 -9.5 -5.1 -2.0 1.7 0.7 -4.6
1971 0.2 -1.6 -3.2 -6.7 -12.0 -5.7 -8.1 -10.2 -9.9 -2.7 -0.3 -0.8 -5.1
1972 0.1 -1.1 -6.9 -11.7 -8.4 -15.4 -13.0 -13.9 -6.8 -3.1 -1.4 2.0 -6.6
1973 -1.6 -1.1 -3.0 -11.0 -15.7 -14.8 -8.6 -10.7 -12.5 -3.0 -1.4 0.6 -6.9
1974 -1.2 1.2 -1.0 -10.3 -9.3 -10.2 -10.5 -13.0 -8.5 -4.2 -2.4 0.1 -5.8
1975 -1.6 -3.6 -4.8 -8.7 -12.4 -11.6 -13.9 -13.9 -6.9 -2.2 -1.9 -0.3 -6.8
1976 -0.7 0.4 -2.8 -5.6 -7.1 -9.2 -17.6 -10.3 -8.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 -5.1
1977 0.6 0.4 -3.0 -6.6 -6.2 -8.5 -10.2 -11.9 -9.7 -3.0 -1.3 1.2 -4.8
1978 1.6 1.5 -2.4 -3.0 -3.1 -13.6 -15.1 -9.6 -3.8 -2.5 -1.6 -0.2 -4.3
1979 -2.8 -2.1 -6.1 -11.5 -8.6 -8.7
1980 1.2 -1.5 -3.3 -10.4 -9.8 -12.3 -17.1 -13.8 -11.5 -3.7 -5.2 0.6 -7.2
1981 0.9 0.2 -3.1 -2.9 -8.8 -7.3 -8.7 -13.9 -7.7 -7.6 -1.9 0.8 -5.0
1982 2.0 0.7 -2.3 -3.6 -3.8 -3.9 -13.9 -9.1 -6.6 -4.3 -3.3 0.3 -4.0
1983 0.5 -0.8 -4.2 -4.1 -10.2 -9.6 -9.4 -3.9 -9.6 -4.3 -1.8 1.5 -4.7
1984 -0.7 0.0 -0.1 -6.9 -10.0 -10.7 -5.8 -5.2 -1.3 -5.5 -0.7 0.9 -3.8
1985 1.4 -0.7 -4.9 -6.1 -11.5 -9.0 -4.6 -8.4 -3.4 -2.9 0.9 1.3 -4.0
1986 0.2 -1.5 -2.6 -7.3 -15.5 -14.2 -11.3 -12.3 -7.1 -2.0 -2.8 0.7 -6.3
1987 1.2 0.3 -1.8 -11.0 -11.3 -12.3 -16.3 -7.0 -8.8 -3.3 0.5 1.5 -5.7
1988 0.4 1.5 -3.3 -4.9 -6.5 -14.9 -8.5 -11.6 -6.4 -5.7 -4.1 -0.4 -5.4
1989 1.0 0.7 0.4 -10.7 -3.8 -7.5 -0.6 -6.3 -5.7 -3.0 -1.0 0.5 -3.0
1990 0.4 2.8 -2.3 -10.8 -13.1 -10.1 -12.5 -11.1 -3.9 -6.8 -2.0 -1.0 -5.9
1991 2.4 -1.4 -5.8 -6.5 -13.1 -12.1 -11.0 -10.5 -4.8 -6.9 -1.3 -0.9 -6.0
1992 1.3 -1.1 -5.9 -6.0 -14.4 -11.9 -10.0 -10.6 -4.8 -6.3 0.9 3.6 -5.4
1993 0.4 0.8 -1.0 -6.1 -7.0 -9.9 -9.9 -8.3 -8.8 -2.0 0.0 0.2 -4.3
1994 1.2 -0.1 -1.2 -6.4 -9.0 -11.1 -15.7 -6.2 -8.7 -9.9 -0.8 2.1 -5.5
1995 2.9 1.7 -2.6 -8.5 -6.3 -11.9 -17.4 -12.1 -9.7 -1.7 -2.1 1.8 -5.5
1996 1.4 2.0 -1.7 -5.9 -9.1 -11.8 -7.2 -7.1 -7.0 -2.8 -0.5 0.9 -4.1
1997 1.9 0.0 1.0 -6.9 -4.5 -10.1 -13.4 -10.3 -10.8 -7.5 -5.0 0.4 -5.4
1998 1.5 2.7 -0.2 0.6 -3.6 -4.5 -12.4 -11.5 -10.1 -5.9 0.1 0.4 -3.6
1999 2.2 0.9 -0.4 -1.4 -2.9 -9.2 -10.0 -9.3 -8.9 -0.7 0.5 1.9 -3.1
2000 1.2 2.6 -0.2 -2.6 -4.6 -4.4 -6.0 -12.5 -8.8 -3.2 -1.0 -0.3 -3.3
2001 0.5 -1.3 -4.8 -8.5 -4.3 -10.4 -11.7 -4.4 -2.8 -0.5 0.1 2.0 -3.8
2002 2.4 2.9 -3.2 -4.2 -12.5 -19.6 -10.9 -6.9 -4.9 -10.6 -1.6 1.4 -5.6
2003 1.0 1.0 -1.4 -3.0 -7.7 -13.7 -11.7 -5.4 -4.0 -4.8 -3.7 -1.8 -4.6
2004 1.4 1.5 -2.2 -6.0 -6.0 -8.0 -8.2 -6.6 -3.0 1.0
2005 1.8 1.8 -2.4 -5.9 -9.4 -15.3 -11.5 -5.6 -5.2 -1.1 0.5 0.0 -4.4
2006 3.1 2.2 2.1 -4.1 -2.5 -7.0 -7.2 -14.7 -8.7 -1.1 -1.0 0.6 -3.2
2007 2.1 0.1 -3.5 -11.8 -9.5 -13.2 -18.4 -11.3 -7.6 -8.0 -3.5 1.4 -6.9
2008 2.4 1.4 -2.9 -6.9 -6.9 -9.7 -11.1 -7.6 0.0 -3.1 -0.3 2.5 -3.5
2009 2.3 0.1 -0.4 -6.3 -9.0 -15.2 -13.1 -11.7 -6.6 -5.0 -3.1 0.3 -5.6
2010 0.1 -0.8 -3.9 -7.9 -8.1 -4.2 -7.0 -8.1 -5.6 0.5 1.6 -0.5 -3.7
2011 1.2 2.8 -3.2 -10.9 -8.3 -12.0 -15.4 -9.3 -10.2 -2.7 -0.2 2.8 -5.4
2012 2.1 -0.4 -1.6 -8.9 -7.4 -12.3 -8.6 -10.3 -8.5 -5.4 -3.2
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