Monthly mean surface temperature at Esperanza station


1. Dataset information

Station location: 63°24'S, 56°59'W, Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctic Peninsula.

WMO identification: 88963

Data prior to 1961 have been taken from Jones & Limbert (1987). The following, on how these data were produced, is taken from their report:

"Composed of the Argentinian base of Esperanza and the United Kingdom base of Hope Bay (March 1945 - December 1948 and April 1957 - December 1959). The two distinct bases are at the same site and no adjustments were made to either record"

Jones, P.D. and D.W.S. Limbert, 1987: A Data Bank of Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data. Office of Energy Research, Report no. TR038, USA Department of Energy. Washington, 52 pp.

This report can be accessed here.

Data taken from Hope Bay are shown in blue.

Data from 1961-1999 onwards have been supplied by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina (see links section). However, there are some gaps in this series; where possible these have been filled from other sources and are shown in red: missing data before 1987 are once again taken from Jones & Limbert (1987), while after this time they are derived from the monthly CLIMAT messages. From 1999 onwards the monthly values are taken by default from the CLIMAT messages.

When such data are unobtainable a value has been derived from SYNOP data if more than 90% of monthly values are available: these values are shown in red. All monthly values have been included in the derivation of the statistics.

Go straight to the data.


2. Derived climate information

(i) Annual, seasonal and monthly temperature statistics for Esperanza.

These data are updated monthly. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.

Annual/Season/Month Mean
(°C)
σ
(°C)
Min.
(°C)
q0.25
(°C)
q0.75
(°C)
Max.
(°C)
Period n
Calendar year−5.21.2−7.7−6.0−4.3−3.01946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201161
Autumn−6.22.1−10.8−7.9−4.8−1.11945-48, 1953-78, 1980-201263
Winter−10.72.4−15.7−12.5−9.2−4.81945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201265
Spring−4.31.5−7.8−5.5−3.3−1.11945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201264
Summer+0.31.0−1.7−0.4+1.2+2.41945-47, 1952-77, 1980-201161
January+0.81.2−2.4+0.1+1.6+3.11946-48, 1953-78, 1980-201262
February−0.21.7−3.6−1.5+1.1+2.91946-48, 1953-201263
March−2.82.1−7.5−4.2−1.5+2.21945-48, 1953-78, 1980-201263
April−6.83.0−11.8−8.8−4.4+0.61945-48, 1952-201265
May−9.03.4−15.7−11.6−6.5−2.51945-48, 1952-201265
June−11.13.3−19.6−13.0−9.2−3.91945-48, 1952-2003, 2005-201265
July−11.23.6−18.4−13.8−8.6−0.61945-48, 1952-201265
August−9.93.1−20.8−11.7−7.7−3.91945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201265
September−7.12.5−12.5−8.8−5.20.01945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201264
October−4.22.6−11.9−5.8−2.7+0.51945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201264
November−1.72.0−7.5−3.1−0.3+1.71945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201264
December+0.41.2−2.6−0.4+1.0+3.61945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201163
Summary of annual, seasonal and monthly Esperanza surface temperature statistics

The monthly data are summarised in a PDF plot: Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from here

Esperanza monthly temperature statistics: this plot shows the mean, quartiles and range for each month.



(ii) Annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Esperanza surface temperature data

The trends listed below include 95% confidence intervals. The methodology is based upon:

Santer B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, J.S. Boyle, D. J. Gaffen, J.J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D.E. Parker and K.E. Taylor. 2000: Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average temperature time series. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7337-7356.

Briefly, an effective sample size is calculated based on the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient of the regression residuals, This effective sample size is used for the computation of the standard error and in indexing the critical values of the Student''s t distribution.

The significance level of the trend is given if it is less than 10%, 5% or 1%. With regard to summer (DJF) the year refers to the December.

Annual/Season/Month Annual trend
(°C a−1)
Significance
(%)
Period n
Calendar year+0.0289 ± 0.013011946-48, 1953-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201161
Autumn+0.0340 ± 0.0332101945-48, 1953-78, 1980-201263
Winter+0.0218 ± 0.0255101945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201265
Spring+0.0210 ± 0.015511945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201264
Summer+0.0385 ± 0.009611945-47, 1952-77, 1980-201161
January+0.0367 ± 0.016011946-48, 1953-78, 1980-201262
February+0.0507 ± 0.016011946-48, 1953-201263
March+0.0338 ± 0.026451945-48, 1953-78, 1980-201263
April+0.0184 ± 0.0468-1945-48, 1952-201265
May+0.0573 ± 0.055251945-48, 1952-201265
June+0.0166 ± 0.0377-1945-48, 1952-2003, 2005-201265
July+0.0165 ± 0.0405-1945-48, 1952-201265
August+0.0324 ± 0.0406-1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201265
September+0.0137 ± 0.0319-1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201264
October+0.0170 ± 0.0287-1945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201264
November+0.0322 ± 0.020011945-48, 1952-78, 1980-2003, 2005-201264
December+0.0300 ± 0.013511945-48, 1952-78, 1980-201163
Summary of trends in annual, seasonal and monthly Esperanza surface temperature

PDF plots of the annual and seasonal data: Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from here

Calendar year Autumn (MAM) Winter (JJA) Spring (SON) Summer (DJF)


3. The dataset

        JAN    FEB    MAR    APR    MAY    JUN    JUL    AUG    SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC    ANN

1945                 -4.6  -10.8  -10.4  -16.7  -17.1  -13.4   -7.1   -5.8   -5.2   -0.8
1946   -0.4   -2.6   -0.1   -4.4   -7.8   -5.7   -6.7  -11.1   -7.3   -9.5   -6.6   -1.1   -5.3
1947   -2.4   -0.8   -1.3   -7.2  -11.2  -12.1  -10.8   -7.7   -9.3   -4.1    0.2   -2.6   -5.8
1948    0.3   -2.9   -4.2   -7.2  -11.0  -11.2  -17.1  -11.8   -6.7   -3.9   -7.5   -1.7   -7.1
1949 
1950
1951
1952                       -10.4  -13.9   -8.2  -10.3   -7.5   -6.1   -4.9   -1.5   -0.2
1953   -0.7   -1.1   -6.0   -9.2  -11.7  -12.2   -7.5   -6.5   -6.4   -7.0   -2.2    1.0   -5.8
1954   -1.0   -2.1   -4.0   -3.8   -6.5  -13.6  -15.2  -16.5  -11.9   -3.4   -2.0   -0.6   -6.7
1955    1.6    0.2   -5.5   -6.3   -8.8   -8.7   -9.4   -9.6   -3.5   -1.9   -3.1   -1.7   -4.7
1956   -0.5   -2.1   -5.8   -4.4   -7.9   -5.7   -7.5   -5.7   -7.7   -4.4   -0.7   -1.3   -4.5
1957   -0.4    1.9   -2.9   -1.7   -8.0  -17.1  -13.8   -9.5   -6.3  -11.9   -0.8   -1.1   -6.0
1958    0.1   -1.9   -2.4   -8.6  -14.4  -15.3  -13.7  -11.8   -8.7   -3.2    0.6   -0.4   -6.6
1959   -0.2   -3.3   -3.1   -8.8  -10.8  -12.5  -16.7  -14.1  -10.6   -3.0   -3.0   -0.2   -7.2
1960    1.1    0.6    0.0  -11.6  -12.1   -8.2  -10.3  -10.3   -4.9   -6.6   -4.2    0.4   -5.5
1961    0.3   -2.2   -7.5  -11.6  -13.2  -17.1  -14.6  -10.8  -10.9   -2.8   -2.5    0.5   -7.7
1962    2.5    1.4   -4.6   -2.3   -4.9  -10.5   -7.9   -7.6   -4.6   -1.3   -3.6    0.9   -3.5
1963    1.7   -0.1   -4.4   -7.7   -6.0  -10.5   -8.3  -11.4   -6.9   -7.5   -0.5    0.5   -5.1
1964    0.6   -0.9   -2.6  -10.8   -6.6  -11.8  -12.2  -20.8   -6.0   -1.0   -0.3    0.2   -6.0
1965    0.9    0.4    2.2   -6.2   -7.5  -10.5  -12.3  -11.1   -6.8   -5.6   -0.7   -1.9   -4.9
1966    0.6   -2.2   -4.2   -2.9  -14.5  -10.9  -14.7   -7.7   -7.8   -3.3   -1.2    0.9   -5.7
1967   -0.1   -3.0   -1.7   -8.8  -15.1  -13.0  -10.6   -7.8   -7.2   -4.6   -5.2    0.3   -6.4
1968   -0.2   -2.7   -6.3   -5.7  -12.1  -11.3  -10.6  -10.3   -5.2   -2.6   -1.1    0.9   -5.6
1969   -0.6   -2.8   -5.6   -7.9   -9.8  -14.3  -10.7   -7.3   -4.8   -7.7   -5.8    1.3   -6.3
1970    1.6   -1.0   -3.2   -7.7  -11.6  -12.2   -6.9   -9.5   -5.1   -2.0    1.7    0.7   -4.6
1971    0.2   -1.6   -3.2   -6.7  -12.0   -5.7   -8.1  -10.2   -9.9   -2.7   -0.3   -0.8   -5.1
1972    0.1   -1.1   -6.9  -11.7   -8.4  -15.4  -13.0  -13.9   -6.8   -3.1   -1.4    2.0   -6.6
1973   -1.6   -1.1   -3.0  -11.0  -15.7  -14.8   -8.6  -10.7  -12.5   -3.0   -1.4    0.6   -6.9
1974   -1.2    1.2   -1.0  -10.3   -9.3  -10.2  -10.5  -13.0   -8.5   -4.2   -2.4    0.1   -5.8
1975   -1.6   -3.6   -4.8   -8.7  -12.4  -11.6  -13.9  -13.9   -6.9   -2.2   -1.9   -0.3   -6.8
1976   -0.7    0.4   -2.8   -5.6   -7.1   -9.2  -17.6  -10.3   -8.1    0.1    0.2    0.0   -5.1
1977    0.6    0.4   -3.0   -6.6   -6.2   -8.5  -10.2  -11.9   -9.7   -3.0   -1.3    1.2   -4.8
1978    1.6    1.5   -2.4   -3.0   -3.1  -13.6  -15.1   -9.6   -3.8   -2.5   -1.6   -0.2   -4.3
1979          -2.8          -2.1   -6.1  -11.5   -8.6   -8.7
1980    1.2   -1.5   -3.3  -10.4   -9.8  -12.3  -17.1  -13.8  -11.5   -3.7   -5.2    0.6   -7.2
1981    0.9    0.2   -3.1   -2.9   -8.8   -7.3   -8.7  -13.9   -7.7   -7.6   -1.9    0.8   -5.0
1982    2.0    0.7   -2.3   -3.6   -3.8   -3.9  -13.9   -9.1   -6.6   -4.3   -3.3    0.3   -4.0
1983    0.5   -0.8   -4.2   -4.1  -10.2   -9.6   -9.4   -3.9   -9.6   -4.3   -1.8    1.5   -4.7
1984   -0.7    0.0   -0.1   -6.9  -10.0  -10.7   -5.8   -5.2   -1.3   -5.5   -0.7    0.9   -3.8
1985    1.4   -0.7   -4.9   -6.1  -11.5   -9.0   -4.6   -8.4   -3.4   -2.9    0.9    1.3   -4.0
1986    0.2   -1.5   -2.6   -7.3  -15.5  -14.2  -11.3  -12.3   -7.1   -2.0   -2.8    0.7   -6.3
1987    1.2    0.3   -1.8  -11.0  -11.3  -12.3  -16.3   -7.0   -8.8   -3.3    0.5    1.5   -5.7
1988    0.4    1.5   -3.3   -4.9   -6.5  -14.9   -8.5  -11.6   -6.4   -5.7   -4.1   -0.4   -5.4
1989    1.0    0.7    0.4  -10.7   -3.8   -7.5   -0.6   -6.3   -5.7   -3.0   -1.0    0.5   -3.0
1990    0.4    2.8   -2.3  -10.8  -13.1  -10.1  -12.5  -11.1   -3.9   -6.8   -2.0   -1.0   -5.9
1991    2.4   -1.4   -5.8   -6.5  -13.1  -12.1  -11.0  -10.5   -4.8   -6.9   -1.3   -0.9   -6.0
1992    1.3   -1.1   -5.9   -6.0  -14.4  -11.9  -10.0  -10.6   -4.8   -6.3    0.9    3.6   -5.4
1993    0.4    0.8   -1.0   -6.1   -7.0   -9.9   -9.9   -8.3   -8.8   -2.0    0.0    0.2   -4.3
1994    1.2   -0.1   -1.2   -6.4   -9.0  -11.1  -15.7   -6.2   -8.7   -9.9   -0.8    2.1   -5.5
1995    2.9    1.7   -2.6   -8.5   -6.3  -11.9  -17.4  -12.1   -9.7   -1.7   -2.1    1.8   -5.5
1996    1.4    2.0   -1.7   -5.9   -9.1  -11.8   -7.2   -7.1   -7.0   -2.8   -0.5    0.9   -4.1
1997    1.9    0.0    1.0   -6.9   -4.5  -10.1  -13.4  -10.3  -10.8   -7.5   -5.0    0.4   -5.4
1998    1.5    2.7   -0.2    0.6   -3.6   -4.5  -12.4  -11.5  -10.1   -5.9    0.1    0.4   -3.6
1999    2.2    0.9   -0.4   -1.4   -2.9   -9.2  -10.0   -9.3   -8.9   -0.7    0.5    1.9   -3.1
2000    1.2    2.6   -0.2   -2.6   -4.6   -4.4   -6.0  -12.5   -8.8   -3.2   -1.0   -0.3   -3.3
2001    0.5   -1.3   -4.8   -8.5   -4.3  -10.4  -11.7   -4.4   -2.8   -0.5    0.1    2.0   -3.8
2002    2.4    2.9   -3.2   -4.2  -12.5  -19.6  -10.9   -6.9   -4.9  -10.6   -1.6    1.4   -5.6
2003    1.0    1.0   -1.4   -3.0   -7.7  -13.7  -11.7   -5.4   -4.0   -4.8   -3.7   -1.8   -4.6
2004    1.4    1.5   -2.2   -6.0   -6.0          -8.0   -8.2   -6.6   -3.0           1.0
2005    1.8    1.8   -2.4   -5.9   -9.4  -15.3  -11.5   -5.6   -5.2   -1.1    0.5    0.0   -4.4
2006    3.1    2.2    2.1   -4.1   -2.5   -7.0   -7.2  -14.7   -8.7   -1.1   -1.0    0.6   -3.2
2007    2.1    0.1   -3.5  -11.8   -9.5  -13.2  -18.4  -11.3   -7.6   -8.0   -3.5    1.4   -6.9
2008    2.4    1.4   -2.9   -6.9   -6.9   -9.7  -11.1   -7.6    0.0   -3.1   -0.3    2.5   -3.5
2009    2.3    0.1   -0.4   -6.3   -9.0  -15.2  -13.1  -11.7   -6.6   -5.0   -3.1    0.3   -5.6
2010    0.1   -0.8   -3.9   -7.9   -8.1   -4.2   -7.0   -8.1   -5.6    0.5    1.6   -0.5   -3.7
2011    1.2    2.8   -3.2  -10.9   -8.3  -12.0  -15.4   -9.3  -10.2   -2.7   -0.2    2.8   -5.4
2012    2.1   -0.4   -1.6   -8.9   -7.4  -12.3   -8.6  -10.3   -8.5   -5.4   -3.2

4. Links

The home page of the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina


The latest synoptic report from Esperanza station.



This web page was written to look good in MS Explorer 5.0+ using character entity references from HTML 4.0. Apologies if it doesn't quite work for you — anyway the data should be OK. Comments should be addressed to Dr Gareth Marshall at gjma@pcmail.nbs.ac.uk.

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