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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nojkernpunct\rsidroot6901709 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect \linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14629818 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid11687084\charrsid9859411 BAS Public Information Leaflet \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid9859411 British Antarctic Survey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Ships}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid11687084\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9859411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The Antarctic continent is one of the most isolated places on Earth, surrounded by the world\rquote s roughest seas and protected by barriers of pack ice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 To maintain its presence in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} and to carry out its world class scientific research programme, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 s two specially designed ships. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 RRS (Royal Research Ship) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 and RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 are ice-strengthened with powerful engines and sophisticated manoeuvring systems.As well as fulfilling a vital role in transporting passengers and cargo to and from the Antarctic, the ships also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 carry out ocean research work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is primarily a marine science vessel for biological, oceanographic and geophysical cruises. RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 works mainly as a logistics vessel, transporting cargo, fuel and people. Both meet the highest safet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 y and technical specifications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The ships are flagged in the Falkland Islands and their home port is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Stanley{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}. At the end of the Antarctic summer, the ships sail north to work in the North Sea and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Arctic{\*\xmlclose} or undergo refits and repairs. In September or October they head south again with supplies and personnel fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 r the next season\rquote s operations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The Royal Navy ship HMS Endurance, which carries two Lynx helicopt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 ers, also supports BAS science.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 The last continent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The first person to sight Antarctica from a ship is now widely accepted to be an Englishman,William Smith, who spotted the tip of the Antarct ic Peninsula during a Royal Navy expedition in January 18 20. However, during the same month,a Russian,Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen,caught the first glimpse of the main Antarctic continent.The first person to land on Antarctica was probably the captain of an American whaling ship, John Davis, who went ashore in February 1821 at Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. \par Image: RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 and RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 The worst seas in the world}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The Antarctic is surrounded by the Southern Ocean \endash the confluence of the Indian, Atlantic and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Pacific{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Oceans{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Comprising more than 10% of the world\rquote s ocean, the waters around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} are cold, stormy a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 nd covered with patches of ice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Although the Southern Ocean is harsh and inhospitable to huma ns, it is rich with life and home to penguins, whales, seals and albatross. Beneath the waves the waters harbour an abundance of fish, squid and krill.The Southern Ocean also plays a key role in global climate.The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, that isola tes the frozen continent, is the most powerful ocea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 n current system on the planet.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The BAS ships that operate in Antarctic waters have to be able to cope with the fiercest storms, high winds and the largest waves on earth.With waves sometimes exceeding 10 metres in height, it\rquote s no wonder sailors refer to these latitudes as the \lquote Roaring 40s,\rquote \lquote Furious 50s,\rquote and \lquote Screaming 60s\rquote .For those travelling to Antarctica by sea, particularly those unaccustomed to life onboard ship, this can make the journey extremely uncomfortable. \par One of the greatest hazards for ships is ice. In winter, sea-ice is frozen around the Antarctic coast. In places, this floats away from land in massive sheets called pack ice.There are also icebergs to contend with \endash huge lumps of ice that ha ve calved away from the ice shelves and glac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 iers surrounding the continent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3958328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 In the past, many ships have become trapped in the pack ice. Most famously, in 1915, the legendary explorer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \rquote s ship, Endurance, was crushed by the ice. Although his expedition failed and his ship was lost, in a remarkable undertaking, he managed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 to bring all his men to safety.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9859411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Breaking the ice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Both BAS ships are ice-strengthened and designed to \lquote plough\rquote through most of the ice they encounter. Navigating through pack ice requires specialist skill and training. Often it involves carving the easiest path but sometimes it amounts to sheer brute force. Here is a description of the process from the ship\rquote s diary of RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 :\'93Suddenly the bow contacts the edge of the solid ice and the air is full of bangs, crashes, scratching, screaming, tearing, scraping and cracking.The floor shakes, moves and vibrates with each crack and the whole shi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 p is rocked from side to side.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 Logistics \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 BAS operates four research stations in and around Antarctica as well as managing an additional research station on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Georgia {\*\xmlclose}. During the Antarctic summer there can be more than 220 scientists and support personnel stationed around the continent. Everything they need to survive and work needs to be imported by air or sea.Those 50 or so who remain in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} during the winter need adequate supplies fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 r over six months of isolation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The BAS ships are a lifeline to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s presence in Antarctica.They supply the stations wi th food, drink, equipment and infrastructure.With the exception of sewage and food, they also remove all waste generated by BAS operations. If a new building is to be constructed, the ships will supply the materials. Any demolition and the ships will take away the de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 bris.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Onboard ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Most people working for BAS travel to Antarctica via the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose} . They will then either fly to their final destination or travel by ship.The largest British research station in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}, Rothera, has a gravel runway which can accommodate BAS\rquote s four engine Dash-7 aircraft. Others will travel to and from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} by sea, particularly those stationed at Halley, which is built on a floating ice shelf and almos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 t exclusively supplied by ship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 For many, this will be th eir first time onboard ship and apart from the, often violent, movement of the vessel there are new customs to get acquainted with.As well as learning all the important safety procedures, staff are expected to help with cleaning, cooking and cargo handlin g. However, bothshipsdohav}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731eagym, sauna, DVDsandabar.}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Info }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 From the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 diary of RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \'93It\rquote s amazing the varieties of jobs that go on during the daily routine of life onboard.The five [BAS scientists] are not spared as they get enli sted to assist in repairs, painting, putting up smoke extractors in the common room and mechanical jobs down below decks in the Engine Workshop.The meteorologists are getting their introduction to making daily observations on the bridge and our Cadets are also getting some good training from the Deck Officers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 as time and operations permit.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 Science}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Both the RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 and RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 are equipped as floating laboratories. Because they can operate in the harshest of conditions, they are perfectly suited to studying the oceans surroun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 ding the Earth\rquote s polar regions.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Research cruises seek to tackle a diverse range of scientific questions including the impacts of climate change, the effects of change on marine organisms, the impacts of fish ing and the geological history of the planet. The ships have\lquote wet\rquote and \lquote dry\rquote laboratories and specialist sampling equipment as well as winches and cranes to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 lower experiments into the sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 Case study \endash biology and bongos \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 There is a long history of over-expl oitation of Antarctic marine life. In the 19th century this meant whaling. In the 21st century the main problem is over-fishing. Managing these natural resources requires scientific knowledge that can only be obtained by detailed studies of the food chain .This involves examining the whole ecosystem from the smallest bacteria right t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 hrough to the largest predator.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 One of the key components of the food chain is right at the bottom. It\rquote s been estimated that copepods \endash fingernail sized crustaceans \endash make up th e greatest mass of any many-celled organism in the world\rquote s oceans. Their stocks have a major effect on higher animals.To study them, BAS scientists lower special nets known as \lquote bongo nets\rquote over the sides of the ship.These nets are dropped to 400m then brou ght back up catching all the crustaceans above them. Species are then identified and counted to give an indication of the number in the water.This information can then be used to help understand and assess the hea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 lth of the Antarctic ecosystem.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is one of the most sophisticated marine research vessels afloat. Built by Swan Hunter Shipbuilders at Wallsend on the River Tyne, it was launched}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 by the Queen in December 1990.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The ship is powered by diesel engines which d rive an electric propulsion system. In open waters the vessel can travel at a steady 12 knots for more than 50 days at sea. In pack ice of up to one metre thick, the engines can drive th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 e ship at a constant two knots.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 To help break through heavy pack ice, the ship is also equipped with a special compressed air system which forces water from one side of the ship to the other causing the ship to roll.This rolling prevents the pressure of the ice from s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 queezing and damaging the hull.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The ice-strengthened hull, the propulsion and other ship\rquote s systems are designed for extremely quiet operations.They prevent background noise from interfering with the performance of sensitive underwater research equipment. Bow and stern thrusters combined with a joystick control system allow for extremely precise manoeuvring and positioning for scientific work. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 Who was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid3958328 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Admiral Sir }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 (1800-1862) is one of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s most successful early Polar explorers. He discovered the North Magnetic Pole in 1831 before going on to make three voyages to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. In 1841 he discovered a \lquote barrier\rquote of ice, later to be renamed the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ross Ice Shelf{\*\xmlclose}. In the same year he was amazed to discover an active volcano, which he called Mount Erebus after one of his ships.The volcano was later to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 provide a backdrop to Scott\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 and Shacklet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 on\rquote s expeditions to Antarctica.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 Science on RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 With well equipped laboratories, computer suites, cranes and winches, the ship is ideally suited to its scientific r ole. Its equipment includes a compressor bank to power a large seismic air gun array; this is used to \lquote fire\rquote sound waves into the seabed.The echo that is reflected off the rock and back to the ship is picked up by underwater microphones called hydrophones.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The information is then processed by computers to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 determine the undersea geology.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The sediments of the Southern Ocean contain a record of the past and provide scientists with information on the history of ice coverage in the area. These can be vital for understanding past climate patterns and predicting future global climate change.The midships gantry of RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is used to lower eight tonne corers, capable of obtaining 30 metre-deep s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 ediment cores from the sea bed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 To obtain biological sampl es, from the smallest plankton to the largest fish, the vessel is able to deploy a wide range of sampling equipment, including trawl nets, to investigate stocks of commercial species of fish.Winches are used to lower equipment or tow nets behind the ship and the 25 metre-long afterdeck gives plenty of space for operating equipment or for housing small containerised laboratories. For oceanographic research, the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the surface sea water can be monitored cont }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 inuously by electronic sensors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Inside, there are \lquote wet\rquote laboratories to study live biological samples or messy sediments.There are also \lquote dry\rquote laboratories,specialised areas for chemical or physical analysis, and a central scientific control room. \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 From the diary of RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \'93The first objective for the week was to map the bathymetry [depth] of the seafloor, using SWATH (a term used for echo sounding a \lquote swath\rquote of ground on the seabed).We\rquote re \lquote pinging\rquote 191 little \lquote pingers\rquote every 20 seconds .These send pulses out that bounce back from the seafloor to the ship, like an echo.The length of time it takes them to do this tells us the distance to the seafloor and maps the topography\'85 Traditionally, swath surveys are conducted in horrible weather.The words \'93it\rquote s for the sake of science\'94 are uttered often through gritted teeth as all onboard batten everything d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 own for yet another lumpy day!\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 factfile}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2340\li2340\ri0\widctlpar\tx2340\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2340\itap0\cufi-1170\pararsid8068879 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Ship type:\tab Lloyds +100A1 ICE CLASS IAS + LMS UMS (Research/Survey/Cargo) \par Year }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 built:\tab 1990 \par Length overall:\tab 99.04 metres \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 Breadth:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 \tab 18.85 metres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Loaded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 displacement:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 \tab 7,767 tonnes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par Deadweight:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 \tab 2,887 tonnes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par Gross tonnage:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 \tab 5,732 tonnes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par Speed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 \tab 12 knots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Endurance:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 57 days}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Scientific facilities:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 6 laboratories plus workshops and control area}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Accommodation:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 20 cabins (1, 2 and 4 berth)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Cargo:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 1,500m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\super\insrsid9859411\charrsid8068879 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 general cargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Propulsion:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Diesel Electric, single fixed propeller, 8,500SHP (shaft horse power) Bow thruster, controllable 360 \'b0, 10 tonnes thrust Stern thruster, controllable 360\'b0, 4 tonnes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 thrust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid8068879 Personnel:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The maximum number of personnel onboard is limited to 80 (27 Officers/Crew, 1 Doct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 or and 52 Expedition Personnel)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9859411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid8720731\charrsid8720731 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid8720731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 was built in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Norway{\*\xmlclose} in 1995 for the Norwegian company, Rieber Shipping of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Bergen{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Ori ginally named MV Polar Queen,it was acquired by BAS in August 1999, renamed and re-registered in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par As a versatile support and research vessel RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is ideally suited for operation in polar waters.The ice-strengthened ship\rquote s primary role is a wide range of logistics tasks, providing support to BAS operations. However, the ship also has a scientific capability and on most voyages a small research team works onboard. Science facilities include \lquote dry\rquote and \lquote wet\rquote laboratories, cranes, and surveyi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 ng and oceanographic equipment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 When used for Antarctic work, the ship sails from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} to South America or directly to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose}. However, she is also deployed in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North Sea{\*\xmlclose} for 120 days per year, working in an oi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 lfield support and survey role.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Designed to cruise at 12 knots in open water, RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is equipped with two powerful diesel engines as well as a sophisticated manoeuvring system.The ship also has a helicopter deck which is sometimes used during BAS operations with HMS Endurance. RRS }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is the only BAS ship which is used to supply the isolated Antarctic station at Halley. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Who was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is named after the famous polar explorer. Sir }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 (1874-1922) first travelled to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} on the British \lquote Discovery\rquote expedition of 1902. He went south again in 1908 when he came within 97 nautical miles of the South Pole. But he is best remembered for his failed attempt to cross the continent i n 1915. After a winter trapped in the pack ice, his ship, Endurance, was eventually crushed.The men\rquote s epic journey from the Weddell Sea to South Georgia remains one of the greatest ever tales of survival under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 the most extreme circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 A lifeline to Antarctica \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Transporting cargo, people, food and supplies to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} is a major logistical undertaking which starts many months before the ships sail. By the end of August most cargo needs to be ready for loading and careful records are kept to ensure everything is packed correctly and reaches its correct destination.An oversight at this stage and an important piece of equipment could remain in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose}, on the other side of the world fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 om the scientist that needs it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 As well as BAS equipment and supplie s, personal possessions also need to be shipped south.With some people remaining in Antarctica for up to two years, what to take and what to leave behind requires a good deal of thought. RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 is usually loaded at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Grimsby{\*\xmlclose} in October, althou gh recently it has also been loaded in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Portland{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It can take up to 10 long days before the holds are full and the ship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 is ready for the journey south.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 From the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falklands{\*\xmlclose} takes 27 days passage.On arrival,it \rquotesafurthersixdayssailingtoRotheraandalmosttwoweekstoHalley. UnloadingatRotheraisrelativelystraightforwardasthebasehasadock. AtHalleythere\rquote s only ice, so a suitable natural dock has to be found before the cargo can be unloaded onto sledges and hauled in \lquote trains\rquote by sn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 owmobiles across the ice shelf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The only year that thick pack ice prevented the ship from making it to Halley was in 2002. A decision was taken to anchor the ship in comparative safety over 300 kilometers away and \lquote ferry\rquote passengers and essential supplies usin}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 g four BAS Twin Otter aircraft.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 From the dia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 ry of the RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \'93The fair Shackleton went to sea and straight out into a gale force 8 in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}English Channel{\*\xmlclose} . For those new joiners who had never experienced the \lquote Polar Roller\rquote before, it was a bit of an awakening. Not that many of them have been \lquote awake\rquote since leaving land on Thursday\'85 As we turned the corner into the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bay of Biscay{\*\xmlclose}, there was a slight relief from the pitching. She started to roll instead. Either way, the mass of papers strewn all over the office floors and the cabins pays testimony to the motion of the ocean and we are all hoping for an improvement in the next days, so we can walk the alleyways without bouncing off the walls like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 so many Pinball machine balls.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 RRS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid3958328\charrsid3958328 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 factfile \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2340\li2340\ri0\widctlpar\tx2340\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2340\itap0\cufi-1170\pararsid2239853 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Ship type:\tab DnV +1A1 ICEBREAKER ICE 05 EO HELIDK ICS DYNPOS-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 AUTR W1 (Research/Survey/Cargo)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 Year }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 built:\tab 1995 \par Length overall:\tab 80 metres \par Breadth:\tab 17 metres \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 Loaded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 displacement:\tab 5,455 tonnes \par Deadweight:\tab 1,910 tonnes \par Gross tonnage:\tab 4,028 tonnes \par Speed:\tab 11 knots in open water \par Endurance:\tab 130 days}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Scientific facilities:\tab Dry lab, wet lab, craneage for package deployment \par Accommodation:\tab 37 cabins (1, 2, 3 and 4 berth) \par Cargo:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 3,000m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\super\insrsid9859411\charrsid2239853 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 general cargo}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Heli-Deck:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 Maximum Helio weight 10 tonnes Maximum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Helio rotor diameter 20 metres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853Propulsion:\tab}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid98594112xDieselMainEngines, 7,200SHP(shafthorsepower), drivingvariablepitchpropellerinnozzle360 \'b0retractableazimuththruster, 1,100SPH1xtunnelthruster, 1,100SPH3xtunnelthrusters,}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 800SHP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par Personnel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 The maximum number of personnel onboard is limited to 72 (22 Officers/Cr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 ew and 50 Expedition Personnel)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9859411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 For more information on BAS ships including full technical specification, itineraries and diaries of life onboard ship, please visit the BAS website: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 www.antarctica.ac.uk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853 Back cover}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid2239853\charrsid2239853 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 British Antarctic Survey (BAS), part of the Natural Environment Research Council, is a world leader in research into global science in an Antarctic context. Based in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}, BAS is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s national Antarctic operator and has an active and influential role in Antarctic affairs. BAS employs over 450 staff and operates five research stations, two Royal Research Ships and five aircraft in and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} . By undertaking a world-class programme of science in the Antarctic and related regions, BAS addresses key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} universities and over 120 national and international collaborations. \par \par www.antarctica.ac.uk \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9859411\charrsid9859411 \'a9 NERC 2006.All rights reserved. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9859411 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid9859411 British Antarctic Survey \par High Cross, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Madingley Road{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}CB3 0ET{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlclose} \par Email: info@bas.ac.uk \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid9859411 \par }}

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