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\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14629818 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f1\fs20\insrsid11687084\charrsid14895121 BAS Public Information Leaflet
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid14895121 British Antarctic Survey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid12522188\charrsid14895121 History}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid11687084\charrsid14895121
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
United Kingdom{\*\xmlclose} has a long and distinguished record of scientific exploration in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. Before the creation of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), there were many surveying and sci
entific expeditions that laid the foundations for modern polar science. These ranged from Captain Cook\rquote
s naval voyages of the 18th century, to the famous expeditions led by Scott and Shackleton, to a secret wartime operation to secure British interests in Antarctica.Today, BAS is a world leader in polar science, maintaining the
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s long history of Antarctic disc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 overy and scientific endeavour.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 The early years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s interests in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
started with the first circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent by Captain James Cook during his voyage of 1772-75. Cook sailed his two ships, HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure, into the pack ice reaching as far as 71\'b010' south and crossing the
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Circle{\*\xmlclose} for the first time. He discovered South Georgia and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Sandwich Islands{\*\xmlclose}
although he did not set eyes on the Antarctic continent itself. His reports of fur seals led many sealers from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose} and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} to head towards the Antarctic to begin a long (and unsustainable) exploitation of the South}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ern Ocean.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, interest in Antarctica was largely focussed on the exploitation of its surrounding waters by sealers and whalers.The discovery of the South Shetland Islands is attributed to Captain William Smith w
ho was blown off course when sailing around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cape Horn{\*\xmlclose}
in 1819. Large numbers of seals were spotted around the islands and the Royal Navy sent Smith back to investigate. Onboard ship was British naval officer, Edward Bransfield, who explored and charted the
region for two months. In 1820, Smith and Bransfield are believed to have been the first people t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 o sight the Antarctic mainland.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Between 1839 and 1843, James Clark Ross led three Royal Navy voyages into the ice. An experienced polar explorer \endash
having endured nine winters in the
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Arctic{\*\xmlclose} \endash
he was exceptionally well qualified and his geographical discoveries were among the greatest achieved by any expedition of the period. Ross made extensive biological collections and scientific observations. He succeeded in
penetrating the pack ice to discover the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Ross{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Sea{\*\xmlclose}, the mountains of Victoria Land ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Transantarctic
{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Mountains{\*\xmlclose}) and an active volcano, which he named {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mount Erebus{\*\xmlclose} after one of his ships. He also encountered what he called the \lquote
Great Ice Barrier\rquote
(now known as the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ross Ice Shelf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 {\*\xmlclose}).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 Beware Volcanoes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 There are several active volcanoes in and around Antarctica.The most famous is Mount Erebus which rises above McMurdo Sound on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Ross{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. It was named by James Clark Ross after one of his ships.The main US and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} research stations have been built close to its lower slopes. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the site of the British \lquote Base B\rquote , is also volcanic \endash
its horseshoe shape results from a central flooded caldera.When it was first occupied it was believed th
e volcano was no longer active. Unfortunately this turned out not to be the case and it had to be evacuated following an eruption in 1967.After a second eruption in 1969 the research faci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
lity was permanently abandoned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 The heroic age}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par The most famous British expeditions to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} took place at the beginning of the 20th century \endash
the so-called \lquote he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 roic age
\rquote
of polar exploration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Captain Robert Falcon Scott\rquote s British National Antarctic Expedition (190104) aboard the Discovery was fundamentally a scientifi
c undertaking. He established a base on Ross Island, McMurdo Sound, where his hut still stands today.As well as achieving a new \lquote furthest south\rquote ,he crossed the Ross Ice Shelf and recorded a m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ass of scientific observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Ernest Shackleton\rquote s British Anta
rctic Expedition of 1907-09 was the first to set foot on the Polar Plateau. Shackleton came within 97 miles of the South Pole before deciding that unless he turned for home he would not make it back alive. Members of his party also r}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 eached the South Magnetic Pole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
Arguably the most famous British polar expedition was the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910-13, when, in January 1912, Scott reached the Pole a month after Norwegian Roald Amundsen.The tale of the hardships faced by Scott and his men and their
tragic demise on the return journey has been told countless times and remains a source of controversy. But while Amundsen was completely focused on being the first to reach the South Pole, Scott\rquote
s expedition made significant scientific discoveries in biology, meteorology and geology. Measurements, observations and samples obtained by Scott and his men are still used today as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
benchmark in Antarctic science.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 One of the most dramatic polar adventures was that endured by Shackleton during the Imperial Trans
-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-17. Shackleton planned to make the first crossing of the Ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 arctic continent, but before he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 reached his proposed landing point in the Weddell Sea, his ship Endurance was beset and crushed by sea ice.The crew finally escaped in small boats to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Elephant{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} where they survived a dreadful winter liv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
ing under their upturned boats.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Shackleton decided that the only way to ensure rescue was to attempt to reach {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Georgia{\*\xmlclose}
. He made the voyage with five companions across 600 miles of some of the roughest seas in the world in a small, open lifeboat. Landing in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Georgia{\*\xmlclose}
he and two others then had to cross the mountainous island before seeki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ng help from a whaling station.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Chilean Government generously loaned Shackleton a small tug called the Yelcho, in which he was able to rescue all 22 comrades from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName
}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Elephant{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
, no easy undertaking in itself.That the entire party survived is a testament to his remarkable leadership. Shackleton attempted a further expedition to Antarctica in 1921 but died suddenly at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Georgia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Between 1925 and 1949, the British Government supported a series of voyages known as the \lquote Discovery Investigations\rquote
.The voyages were paid for by money from whale oil taxes and made important advances in understa
nding Antarctic marine biology. Among a host of scientific and oceanographic achievements, the 13 voyages of Discovery included the first circumnavigation of the continent in winter and significant charting of large areas of previous}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ly unexplored Antarctic waters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The last British expedition before the Second World War was led by John Rymill to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Graham Land{\*\xmlclose}
. From 1934-37, Rymill carried out a comprehensive and detailed scientific programme covering geology, meteorology, glaciology and biology. It established that the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}
is part of the Antarctic mainland and set a high scientific standard f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 or later expeditions to follow.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 A secret operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 BAS itself originates in a secret World War II mission, Operation Tabarin. It was named after a {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Paris{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} nightclub \endash
Bal Tabarin \endash
as the men would wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 nter in the Antarctic darkness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
Operation Tabarin was mounted by the British Government in 1943 to secure Antarctic waters against enemy raiders and to strengthen British claims to the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands Dependencies (now South Georgia,South Sandwich Islands and
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}British Antarctic Territory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 {\*\xmlclose}).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The original intention was to establish two bases \endash
one to guard {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose} anchorage and the other to occupy a position on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 {\*\xmlclose}. Even though the primary }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
mission was a political one, it was also appreciated that the bases could provide a platform for scientific research. In fact, science became the primary focus of the operation, which lasted two years, and in which thre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 e bases were eventually set up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
James Marr, who had served with Shackleton on his last expedition and as a zoologist on the Discovery Investigations, was appointed to lead the mission. Within just a few months Marr had gathered the men, supplies, huts and equipment re
quired. In February 1944 the party, in their two ships Fitzroy and William Scoresby, reached {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} where \lquote Base B\rquote
was to be established in one of the buildings of an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
old Norweigan whaling station.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par Poor ice conditions prevented Fitzroy from reaching the Antarctic mainland so instead Marr opted to set up \lquote Base A\rquote
on Goudier Island in the sheltered harbour of Port Lockroy.After reclaiming the territories for the UK,the huts were constructed and radio communication (using coded messages) was established with the Falkland Islands. Operation Tabarin re}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 mained secret until April 1944.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Once settled in, the parties carried out daily weather and sea-ice observations. Surveys were carried out of the local geology and glaciology and improved maps were made o
f the area. As James Marr was also a biologist, he carried out studies and made collections of marine animals, while botanist Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ckenzie Lamb collected lichens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Short man-hauling expeditions were made in the local area for surveys and to collect rock sampl
es. As the bases became more established, and with the arrival of Husky dogs from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Labrador{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Canada{\*\xmlclose}
, the following season, the science became more ambitious.Thanks to the dog teams at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Hope{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Bay{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}, fieldwork was undertaken over a much wider area, increasing the quantity and scope of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 scientific data being recorded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7425240 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 Info }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Base}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121 The base at Port Lockroy was built on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Goudier{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in February 1944. It housed a nine man wintering team.The hut was erected from prefabricated sections and some timber used in
the construction was salvaged from an abandoned whaling station on Deception Island.The building contained a mess room where the men ate, relaxed and slept, a work room, kitchen, store room and generator room.There was even a bathroom. However, because wa
ter was rationed, only the person whose turn it was to gather and melt the ice or snow was allowed to bathe.This meant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
up to nine days between baths!
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Civilian science}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 On May 8th 1945 the end of the war was announced over the radio by the Governor of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose} to much ce}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 lebration in the British bases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In July 1945, Antarctic operations were taken over by the Colonial Office and renamed the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), with its headquarters remaining in the
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose} under the control of the Governor. After two years in the Antarctic, original members of Operation Tabarin returned to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. By now there were four bases (after 1967 the name \lquote bases\rquote
was re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 placed by \lquote research stations
\rquote ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 By 1946 many areas of the continent were still unexplored.The immediate post-war years saw considerable reorganisation of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s Antarctic interests with increasing emphasis on science and discovery. However, conflicting sovereignty claims and political disputes over terri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 tory were frequent occurrences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
Despite this there were many examples of international co-operation. A Norwegian-Swedish-British expedition to Dronning Maud Land in 1949-52 carried out important scientific studies in glaciology, meteorology and geology.The
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}USA{\*\xmlclose} also co-operated on a series of expeditions from bases at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Stonington{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. Accounts from this time give an insight into the pioneering spirit required to work in
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. Communication was poor, supplies were limited and the hazards all too real. In 1946, for example, the main hut on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} was burnt to the ground taking almost all the food with it.The men had to survive on meagre rations in a nearby derelict bui}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 lding before they were rescued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In 1948, a fire at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Hope{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Bay
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} had more tragic consequenc
es.The base doctor, Bill Sladen, was observing penguins in a nearby colony when he saw a dense cloud of smoke coming from the north end of the hut. Knowing that his two companions were inside, he ran over and tried to push his way in. Despite a valiant ef
fort he was unable to get through the heat, flames and suffocating fumes.The base was completely burned to the ground, claiming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
two lives.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 International science}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 By 1950, a FIDS Scientific Bureau had been set up, aimed at pulling together the vast amount o
f scientific data now being generated by the organisation. It arranged for results to be worked up at scientific units attached to a number of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose} universities.Vivian Fuchs, an experienced Field Commander of six Antarctic bases, was appointed its first Prin
cipal Scientific Officer. He later became Director of the Bureau, Director of FIDS and finally Director of the British Antarctic Survey,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
a position he held until 1973.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The 1950s was a key decade in the development of modern Antarctic science. During the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58, the 12 nations with scientific bases in
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} put aside their political differences to co-operate on an international scientific programme unprecedented in Antarctic history. Underlying this was improved
radio communication and free exchange of information that resulted in a step-change increase in Antarctic research and scientific understanding. Forty-four bases were occupied in and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
during that time, including the American Amundsen-Scot
t base at the South Pole and a Soviet base at Vostok, high on the East Antarctic plateau.The principal goals of IGY included the examination of the Earth, its atmosphere and the influences of the Sun. Studies were made of atmospheric physics, gravity and
cosmic rays. For the first time, with so many research stations, a detailed picture could be built up of Antarctic weather and climate and the connections between Antarctic phenomena and the rest of the world.The global effort of the IGY showed the way}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
forward for Antarctic science.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240 Dogs in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Getting around in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
remains a challenge to this day. Scott used dog teams during his first expedition although much of his work was carried out on foot. Shackleton was the first to attempt m
otorised transport but his converted car proved useless on all but the flattest sea ice. Despite Scott\rquote
s limited success with motorised tractors and ponies, dogs remained the primary mode of transport until the 1960s, when modern skidoos took over. Huskies
were well adapted to the extreme conditions, could cross difficult terrain and provided companionship to the men they accompanied.They were actively used in Antarctica until 1994, but due to concerns that they might spread diseases to local wildlife (par
ticularly seals) they were banned from the continent under the terms of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty.This marked the end of 50 years of B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ritish dog teams in Antarctica.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240 Crossing {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Vivian Fuchs was one of the leaders of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1957-58. A land crossing of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
remained one of the last great quests in polar exploration. Starting from a base on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Filchner Ice Shelf{\*\xmlclose} in November 1957, Fuchs\rquote
team of 12 men set off on a hazardous journ
ey across uncharted territory with trac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ked vehicles, sledges and dogs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Meanwhile, on the other side of the continent, the explorer Edmund Hillary (who with Tenzing Norgay had conquered {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Mount Everest
{\*\xmlclose} in 1953) left from the New Zealand Scott Base to lay down depots towards the Pole. Hillary reached the South Pole on January 4th 1958 \endash
the first to get there by land since Captain Scott. He was joined by Fuchs a few days later. Fuchs then continued the crossing of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} following the depo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ts laid down by Hillary\rquote s team.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
Not only did the crossing rank as an impressive achievement in itself, it also achieved some scientific firsts.The area between the Weddell Sea and the Pole was explored for the first time and seismic sounding across the continent revealed
the landscape under the ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 e in previously unknown detail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Info Box
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 {\*\xmlclose} calling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Communication with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
has always been difficult and even today can be affected by adverse weather or atmospheric conditions. Neither Scott nor Amundsen had radi
o communication with the world although Scott did install a telephone between two huts.Wireless telegraphy was in use from 1944 (transmitting Morse Code) but it was often unreliable.The men could, however, listen to radio stations \endash
notably the BBC World Service, which until the 1960s produced a special }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 \lquote Calling Antarctica\rquote
programme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Until 1965, most communication between research stations and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} was via the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose}. Except in emergencies, almost all personal messages were sent by post \endash
a se
rvice only available during the summer and dependent on ship and aircraft movements. By 1966, a radio teleprinter link had been established between London and BAS research stations via the Falklands.This was used to communicate reports and send bi-monthly
newsletters to Antarctica. Regular phone calls to and from the continent weren\rquote
t possible until the adoption of satellite communications technology in the early 1980s.Today, research stations have email, Internet and telephone communication with BAS Cambridge and the wider world.
\par Image: Sir Vivian Fuchs played a huge role in the development of the British Antarctic Sur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 vey and was its first Director.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Base Z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The International Geophysical Year saw the setting up of one of the world\rquote s most unusual research s
tations. Originally constructed as a traditional wooden hut with pitched roof, the British base at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Halley{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Bay
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} (named after the famous astronomer Edmund Halley) was established by the Royal Society on the 150m thick, continually mov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ing, Brunt Ice Shelf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Th
e base filled an important gap in the IGY Antarctic network with studies in meteorology, glaciology, seismology, radio astronomy, ionospheric physics and geomagnetism. Many of these studies have continued uninterrupted ever since, providing }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 invaluable long-term data sets.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Studies at Halley have provided vital information for a global understanding of ozone depletion (data from Halley helped BAS scientists discover the \lquote ozone hole\rquote
in 1985), atmospheric and space interactions and climate change.The flatness of the floating ice shelf provides one of the best natural laboratories in the world to study atmospher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
ic changes close to the ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 FIDS took over the operation of the base on January 14th 1959 as \lquote Base Z\rquote
and a new main hut and dog kennels were built
close to the original buildings. By 1961 the complex was completely buried with snow \endash
turning it into an underground research station. It even had its own London Underground sign! Halley II was built in 1967 and designed with a pitched roof reinforced wi
th steel supports. It lasted until 1973. Halley III was built of prefabricated huts housed inside corrugated steel conduits and survived until 1984 whe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 n it was replaced by Halley IV.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Construction of Halley V began in January 1989 and the station was fully
operational from February 19th 1992.To avoid destruction by accumulating snow, the buildings of Halley V are positioned on platforms which are raised every year so that they remain above the ice surface. However, with the relentless movement of the ice s
helf towards the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Weddell Sea{\*\xmlclose}, even this has reached the end of its life and will be replaced by Halley VI.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240 The Antarctic Tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 eaty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 A major international agreement was signed following the IGY.The Antarctic Treaty had, and continues to have, far reaching implications for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} and for those nations with interests there. On December 1st 1959, the 12 leading nations that had been participating in the IGY signed up to the 14 articles of the Antarctic Treaty in Washington,USA.The Treaty cam}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 e into force on June 23rd 1961.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Antarctic Treaty\rquote s objectives ensure peaceful exploration, the banning of nuclear weapons testing, international scientific co-operation and the suspen}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 sion of all territorial claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Antarctic Treaty remains in force indefinitely and is recognised as one of the world\rquote
s most successful international agreements. Since it was first proposed, the number of countries that have signed up to the Treaty has risen to 45. Representatives from all signatories meet annually at the Antarctic Trea
ty Consultative Meeting. BAS science plays a major role in informing the UK Governme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 nt position at Treaty meetings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Treaty nations have also agreed to protect the plants and wildlife that live on and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}
through a series of separate inte
rnational agreements, such as the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Other provisions outlaw mining, require prior Environmental Impact Assessment for all activities and govern the management of pollut}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ion, waste and protected areas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 British Antarctic Survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Antarctic Treaty covers the area south of 60\'ba
S, and as a result, the British Government decided to divide up the Falkland Islands Dependencies, renaming the Antarctic Peninsula area \lquote British Antarctic Territory\rquote .T
o reflect this change, on January 1st 1962, FIDS was renamed the British Antarctic Survey and its headquarters were formall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 y transferred to London.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In 1965, the Government established the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).Two years later, respon
sibility for BAS was transferred from the Colonial Office to NERC, although the Government continued to appoint magistrates fro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 m BAS over-wintering personnel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par Sir Vivian Fuchs retired from BAS in 1973, having overseen its evolution from a few isolated Antarctic bases to a major scientific organisation. His retirement coincided with a decision to move BAS\rquote s operational headquarters to new buildings in
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, consolidating the organisation on a single site.These purpose-built facilities with offices, lab
oratories, vehicle garage, cold-water aquarium and expansive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 stores, were completed in 1976.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In 1982, the Falklands War took place between {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Britain{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Argentina
{\*\xmlclose} and BAS personnel were deported from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Georgia{\*\xmlclose} by the Argentine military. During the invasion of the Falkland Islands, communications with {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}
Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} were severely affected. From the mid-1980s, the Government increased the BAS budget, allowing BAS to expand its infrastructure, launch a new ship, rebuild Halley Research Station and significantly
improve its communications. In turn, this meant that scientific programmes could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
become increasingly ambitious.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The discovery of the ozone hole in 1985, from data gathered at Halley Research Station, led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987. G
overnments of many countries agreed to ban the use of CFCs and other ozone-damaging chemicals.This international agreement and resulting global awareness of the impact of human activity on the planet raised BAS\rquote
s profile, helping to maintain the increase in investment in BAS science and the Surv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 ey\rquote s expansion and development.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In 1989, BAS extended its offices in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
to include specialist laboratories and a new aquarium. A cold-ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 om for cutting and storing ice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
cores, and state-of-the-art laboratories
for ice core analysis were added to the site in 1992. In 2003, the ANGEL Laboratory was completed.This purpose-built molecular biology facility allows BAS biologists to conduct cutting-edge genomics research, helping to understand better the evolution and
biodiversit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 y of the Antarctic environment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Since 1989, there has been a major redevelopment and expansion of activities at Rothera Research Station on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Adelaide{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}. A comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was undertak
en before commissioning, in 1991, a 900m gravel runway, aircraft parking area, hangar and fuel storage tanks.The EIA was approved by the UKForeign and Commonwealth Office.The station, opened during the 1975-76 season, originally used a skiway 300m above t
he station on a glacier, on which ski-equipped Twin Otter ai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 rcraft could take-off and land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The new runway allowed BAS\rquote s larger aircraft, a de Havilland Dash-7, to fly directly from the Falkland Islands to Rothera, transforming BAS\rquote
s logistical capabilities and cementing Rothera as BAS\rquote s centre of Antarctic operations. This increased capability to transport both people and cargo resulted in a significant expansion and enhancement of the BAS science programme, at its rese}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 arch stations and in the field.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Impr
oved accommodation in 1996 and 2001, construction of the operations tower in 1999, sewage treatment plant in 2003 and a waste incinerator in 2007 have seen activity at Rothera increase considerably.The opening of the Bonner Laboratory in 1996 saw BAS
\rquote s mai
n biological research capability transfer to Rothera.The station is currently undergoing a further eight-stage redevelopment, scheduled for completion in 2015.This will provide enhanced living, working and storage areas.The redeveloped station will cater
for up to 124 personnel and will include a host of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240
energy efficient technologies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1926089 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121 BAS also operates two further research stations at
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Bird{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}, South Georgia, and Signy, in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}South Orkney Islands{\*\xmlclose}
. Although first established in 1958 and 1947 respectively, both underwent major renovations; {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Bird{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} in 1981 and 2005-06 and Signy was rebuilt in 1995-96 as a summer-only station, when marine research transf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 erred to Rothera.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par The applied fisheries research station at King Edward Point, South Georgia, opened
in 2001.BASmanages the station as part of its commissioned research for the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, undertaking biological and ecological research to ensure the conservation of Southern Ocean fish stocks.This marked th
e return of biological research to King Edward Point after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089
an absence of nearly 20 years.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par The longest continuous occupation of any British station came to an end in 1996 with the hand-over to the Ukraine of Faraday Research Station in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Argentine{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
PlaceType}}Islands{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}. It had been used since 1947 for geophysics, meteorology and atmospheric research. However, it remains in constant use by the Ukrainians }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 and has been renamed Vernadsky.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240\charrsid7425240 Info Box
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7425240 Fossil Bluff and Sky-Blu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid7425240
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 BAS operates two field stations at Fossil Blu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 ff and Sky-Blu on the Antarctic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Peninsula.These act as \lquote logistics facilities\rquote
for field parties, and are depots for food, fuel and other supplies. Fossil Bluff lies at the base of a scree-covered ridge overlooking George VI Sound and can ho
use up to four people. Sky-Blu, established in 1993, is a flat area of blue-ice and can be used by the larger Dash-7 aircraft, meaning fewer flights ar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 e required to deliver supplies.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid1926089 Preserving the past}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid1926089
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In order to comply with the Protocol on Environment
al Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (adopted in 1991),BAS undertook a survey of its closed stations. As a result, five were designated as Historic Sites and Monuments and the remainder of the sites have been cleaned up and removed or transferred to othe
r countries. Much of this work has been in conjunction with the UK Antarctic Heritage Trust (AHT) and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.The five preserved bases are: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}, Port Lockroy, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Stonington{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose},Wordie House and
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Horseshoe{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Port Lockroy \endash
the original \lquote Base A\rquote
\endash
underwent a major renovation in 1996. A BAS conservation team repaired and restored the station to its 1962 condition. It is now a popular destination for Antarctic tourists. It is staffed throughout the summer by the UK
AHT and can see up to 17,000 visitors each year. Profits from a small gift shop and a proportion of postal revenues mean that the operation is self-financing. Inside, visitors can see the cramped living quarters, a variety of authentic artefacts, includi
ng an operational radio from 1944 (which can still receive the BBC World Service) and the kitchen is stocked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 with foodstuffs from the 1950s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 One of the more unusual preservation projects has been the Reclus Hut. The hut was used as a small refuge during the first crossing of the Antarctic Peninsula, from
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Hope{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Bay{\*\xmlclose} to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Stonington{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, in 1957. Little bigger than a garden shed, it was home to a wintering party of three.The following season they back-packed and man-hauled a sledge over difficult terrain to la
y depots for a surveying team travelling from the opposite side of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}
. Of the 50 days in the field the team was confined to its tent for 39 due to severe blizzards.The eventual crossing through extreme weather took 54 days.The Reclus hut was dis
mantled from Portal Point in 1997 and has now been rebuilt as an exhibit at the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Stanley{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Museum{\*\xmlclose} in the
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid1926089 Modern BAS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid1926089
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Today, the British Antarctic Survey is a world leader in global science in the Antarctic context. In a changing world, studies carried out in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
country-region}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} are proving vital to our understandin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 g of our planet and its future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 BAS has over 450 staff and operates three research stations in the Antarctic: Rothera, Halley and Signy. It also carries out biological research at
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Bird{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Island{\*\xmlclose}, South Georgia, and commissioned fisheries science at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}King{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Edward{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Point{\*\xmlclose} on behalf of the Government of South Georgia and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
South Sandwich Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 The Antarctic operations and science programmes are executed and managed from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and rely on a wide-ranging team of professional staff and expert logistics and operational planning. BAS has two ice-strengthened ships \endash
Royal Research Ships James Clark Ross and Ernest Shackleton \endash
and f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 ive aircraft.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 In the 21st century international co-operation is more important than ever. BAS undertakes research projects with more than 40 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} universities and has joint research programmes with most o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 f the Antarctic Treaty nations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 From its secret wartime beginnings, BAS has become a leader in the polar science are
na, securing invaluable data for the UK Government to address issues such as climate change, ozone depletion and changing biodiversity. As the world focuses on predicting the impacts of climate change, BAS will play an ever more important role in helping
to understand Antarctica\rquote s place in the global climate system and the effects of a changing climate on global sea level and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089
{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s ecosystems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid1926089 Further information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid1926089
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 More information about BAS history and operations can be found on our website, www.antarctica.ac.uk, and in leaflets \lquote British Antarctic Survey Research Stations\rquote ,
\lquote British Antarctic Survey Ships\rquote and \lquote Brit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089 ish Antarctic Survey Aircraft\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1926089\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9317939\charrsid9317939 Principal British voyages and expeditions to the Antarctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9317939
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tx3780\tx5760\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15951642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Date\tab Captain or Leader\tab Vessel
\tab Purpose or Title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid292840
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1772-75\tab James Cook\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Resolution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 Exploratio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1819\tab William Smith\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642 \tab Mercantile}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1819-20\tab William Smith\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642 \tab Exploration
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Edward Bransfield}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 1820-21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Robert Fildes\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Cora}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 Sealing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1821-22\tab George Powell\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Dove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 Sealing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Eliza
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1822-24\tab James Weddell\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Jane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Sealing}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 ufoy
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1828-31\tab Henry Foster\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Chanticleer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab
Magnetic observations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1830-32\tab John Biscoe\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
country-region}}Tula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\tab Sealing and exploration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Lively
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1833-34\tab Peter Kemp\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Magnet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Sealing}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1838-39\tab John Balleny\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Eliza Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Sealing}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Sabrina
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1839-43\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 James Clar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 k Ross\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Erebus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab British Antarctic Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Terror
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1844-45\tab Thomas Moore\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Pagoda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab
Magnetic observations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1872-76\tab C. Wyville Thomson\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Challenger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab
Marine biology and
\par \tab \tab \tab oceanography}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1892-93\tab Thomas Robertson\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Active}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Dundee{\*\xmlclose} Whaling Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Alexander Fairweather\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Balaena}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Robert Davidson\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Diana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 James Davidson\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Polar Star}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1898-1900\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Carsten Borchgrevink\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Southern Cross}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Exploration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1901-04\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Robert Falcon Scott\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Discovery}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab British National Antarctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab \tab \tab Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1902-04\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 William Bruce\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Scotia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 {\*\xmlclose}\tab Scottish National Antarctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab \tab \tab Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1907-09\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 Ernest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Shackleton\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Nimrod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab British Antarctic Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1910-13\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Robert Falcon Scott\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Terra Nova}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab British Antarctic Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1914-16\tab Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 Endurance}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab British Imperial Trans
\par \tab \tab \tab Antarctic Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1920-22\tab Thomas Bagshawe\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 unknown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Scientifi
c investigations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 1921-22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Ernest Shackleton\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840
Quest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Frank Wild\tab \tab Expedition
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\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 Discov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 ery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Discovery Investigations}{\rtlch\fcs1
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
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{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Graham Land{\*\xmlclose}
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1943-45\tab James Marr\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Fitzroy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Operation Tabarin
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\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 William Scoresby}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid6687562
\par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Eagle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid6687562
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 1946-61}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Edward Bingham\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid6687562 F}{
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\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 William Scoresby}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 Dependencies Survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15951642
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 1949-52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab John Giaever\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Norsel}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Norweigan-British-Swedish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab \tab \tab Antarctic Expedition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid14895121
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1951-57\tab Duncan Carse\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 unknown\tab South Georgia Survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1044\langfe1033\langnp1044\insrsid6712377\charrsid292840 1955-57\tab Peter Mott\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\lang1044\langfe1033\langnp1044\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Oluf Sven}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1044\langfe1033\langnp1044\insrsid292840\charrsid292840 \tab Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1044\langfe1033\langnp1044\insrsid292840
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 1955-58\tab Vivian Fuchs\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Theron}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab
Commonwealth Trans-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
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\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Protector}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab Hydrography and logistics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121 1962}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Vivian Fuchs\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Shackleton}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840 \tab British Antarctic Survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 present\tab Richard Laws\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 John}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid292840
}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Biscoe II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab David Drewry\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 Bransfield}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Barry Haywood\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid292840\charrsid6687562 James Clark Ross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f1\fs20\insrsid6712377\charrsid14895121
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6712377 \tab Chris Rapley\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6687562\charrsid6687562 Ernest Shackleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9317939 Back cover}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9317939\charrsid9317939
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121 British Antarctic Survey (BAS), part of the Natural Environment Research Council, is a world leader in research into global science in an Antarctic context. Based in
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}, BAS is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
's national Antarctic operator and has an active and influential role in Antarctic affairs. BAS has over 450 staff and operates five research stations, two Royal Research Ships and five aircraft in and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region
}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. By undertaking a world-class programme of science in the Antarctic and related regions, BAS addresses key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname
country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} universities and more than 120 national an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9317939 d international collaborations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9317939 www.antarctica.ac.uk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
\par
\par \'a9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9317939
NERC 2007.All rights reserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid14895121\charrsid14895121
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\par High Cross, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Madingley Road{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}CB3 0ET{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}
{\*\xmlclose}
\par Email: info@bas.ac.uk
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid14895121
\par }}
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