HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 24 May 2012 03:40:20 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) mod_auth_tkt/1.3.11 PHP/4.3.8 mod_ssl/2.8.19 OpenSSL/0.9.7d mod_perl/1.29 Last-Modified: Mon, 06 Dec 2010 13:34:32 GMT ETag: "110718-bb9c-4cfce668" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 48028 Connection: close Content-Type: text/rtf {\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f37\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\f38\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f40\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f41\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);} {\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f44\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f45\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f47\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;} {\f48\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f50\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f51\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f52\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);} {\f54\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f55\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0; 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This is supported by a fleet of five aircraft, specially adapted to operate in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 the extrem e Antarctic climate. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The BAS aircraft fleet consists of four de Havilland Twin Otters and one de Havilland Dash-7. Between them they undertake a wide variety of transport and science missions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The Dash-7 and three of the Twin Otters have been modified to allow them to carry out airborne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 science surveys. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par At the beginning of each season the aircrew \endash eight pilots and four engineers \par \endash ferry the aircraft south from their base in the northern hemisphere. Flights in the Antarctic take place during the Antarctic summer, between October and March, as winter darkness and very cold temperatures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 prevent flying at other times. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Rothera Research Station, the centre for BAS air operations, has a 900m gravel runway.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The Dash-7 undertakes regular shuttle-flights from Rothera to and from the Falkland Islands and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Punta Arenas{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chile {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. BAS aircraft also operate out of Halley Research Station and from Fossil Bl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 uff and Sky-Blu Field Stations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 The first Antarctic flight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The first Antarctic flight took place more than 100 years ago. On 4 February 1902, British explorer Robert Falcon Scott ascended above {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} McMurdo Sound{\*\xmlclose} in a somewhat precarious gas-filled balloon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The balloon was attached to tethers held by men on the ground and rose several metres above the mast of his ship, Discovery. Scott made observations of the surrounding landscape before being hauled back down to Earth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The next flight was made by his Third Lieutenant Ernest Shackleton, who took the first aerial photographs of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. Unfortunately, the balloon tore and developed a faulty valve. It was packe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 d away never to be flown again.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Flying in the Antarctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} is the coldest, harshest and most isolated environment on the planet. Even in summer, only a few thousand people inhabit the continent and there are vast distances between research stations. Geographically, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} is also isolated from the rest of the world \endash the nearest civilisation is some five hours away by air. Flying in the Antarctic is a challenging undert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 aking. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Safety is at the heart of all Antarctic air operations. BAS pilots receive specialist training and always fly with a co-pilot.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The aircraft carry fuel reserves and emergency supplies because Antarctic flying is extremely weather dependent. Poor conditions can often gr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 ound air craft for several days. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The Rothera air facility has a control tower and radar beacons. From here, planes fly either directly to the field or via fuel depots to their final destination. One of the Twin Otters is based at Halley Research Station to support projects in the eastern sector of BAS operations, covering an are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 a up to 800km from the station. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The Twin Otter aircraft are equipped with skis for landing on snow and ice in remote areas. In addition to its role ferrying people and supplies between Rothera and the Falkland Islands or {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Punta Arenas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the Dash-7 also lands on the blue-ice runway at Sky-Blu Field Station \endash a staging post for de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 eper forays into the continent. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Rothera air facility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Rothera, the largest BAS research station in Antarctica, is situated on a rocky outcrop in the south-east of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Adelaide{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose} on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The station has been occupied since 1975 and operates year-round. Until 1991, aircraft landed on a skiway \endash a flat area of snow or ice \endash on the Wormald Ice Pi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 edmont, 300m above the station. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par In 1989 a comprehensive environmental impact assessment was undertaken before building a 900m crushed rock runway, apron (parking area), hangar and fuel storage tanks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 This assessment was approved by the UK Fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 reign and Commonwealth Office. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par This development enhanced significantly BAS science programmes by enabling air support to reach deep field science parties and improving summer access to Rothera via the link from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par The air facility operates as support for BAS science operations, for collaboration with other Antarctic operators and for emergencies. It is n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 ot open for commercial flights. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par For safety, the aircraft hangar and fuel depot at Rothera are located well away from the station accommodation and laboratories.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The specially designed fuel depot protects the local environment from spills or leaks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Tanks are replenished each year when the first BAS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 ship arrives to re-supply them. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par A well-equipped hangar and workshop, staffed by specialist aircraft engineers, ensure that all five aircraft are properly maintained throughout the Antarctic summer season. In winter, the aircraft return to the northern hemisphere for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 major servicing and overhauls. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Air operations are managed from a control tower which provides communications support to all aircraft in this part of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} , as well as to BAS field parties. During flights, the Field Operations Manager at Rothera tracks an aircraft\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 progress until safe touchdown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The first aircraft in Antarctica \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The first powered flight in Antarctica took place in 1928 when an Australian, George Wilkins, made a 20 minute flight in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}. Later that year he made an 11 hour flight along the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Peninsula{\*\xmlclose} taking observations and photographs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The most famous Antarctic flight is probably that of American, Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, who in 1929 made the first flight over the South Pole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The three man crew only just made it \endash at one point they had to jettison empty fuel tanks and their emergency food supplies to avoid crashing into the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Transantarctic{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Mountains{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} . Byrd later became the first person to successfully cross {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 {\*\xmlclose} by air.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Crossing the air-bridge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Many BAS staff arrive in the Antarctic by air. One of the primary roles of the Dash-7 aircraft is to provide an \lquote airbridge\rquote between Rothera and the small airport at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Stanley{\*\xmlclose} in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 {\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The weather determines if a flight will take place and each morning before take-off, pilots check the weather forecast for the entire route. Sometimes weather at Rothera deteriorates mid-flight and the pilots have to return to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falklands{\*\xmlclose} to wait for an improvement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 This c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 an sometimes take several days. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par While the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose} has flights to Antarctica from the Falkland Islands and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chile{\*\xmlclose}, other countries embark from {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose} (including the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}United States{\*\xmlclose}), {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Chile{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Argentina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. BAS also uses the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 {\*\xmlclose} as a port for its two ships. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Antarctic Air Operations \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 During any Antarctic field season BAS aircraft fly many thousands of kilometres, often deep into the co ntinent or high onto the Polar Plateau. These flights would be impossible without fuel depots and supply stops. BAS operates two field stations which are permanently staffed during the summer \endash Fossil Bluff and Sky-Blu. Other temporary fuel depots are established as necessary, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 ometimes over numerous seasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Info Box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 FIDASE topographic survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The first large-scale British aerial survey in Antarctica, the Falkland Island Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE), took place along the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose} from 1955-1957. Using two Canso amphibian aircraft (sea-planes) and several ship-borne Sikorsky helicopters, 13 surveyors produced 10,000 vertical photographs of approximately 90,000km2 of previously unmapped terrain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Taken at 10,000 feet above sea lev el, the photographs produced an invaluable record which, when combined with ground-based observations and measurements, led to accurate mapping of the western {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Peninsula{\*\xmlclose} region. BAS\rquote s mapping department still use some FIDASE p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 hotographs for reference today. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Fossil Bluff \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Fossil Bluff is a former research station, situated at the base of a scree-covered ridge overlooking George VI Sound on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}. Today,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 it is a refuelling stop and meteorological observing station.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 A 1,200m unprepared snow runway allows the facility to be used as a transit station for refuelling the Twin Otters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The station at Fossil Bluff normally houses up to four people \endash although if aircraft are grounded due to bad weather, i}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 t can accommodate several more. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par An important r ole for Fossil Bluff and Sky-Blu Field Stations is to supply weather reports to Rothera so that decisions can be made about flying. Trained personnel take recordings and observations which are sent to Rothera during daily radio schedules. BAS also operate s several automatic weather stations to support air operations and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 record scientific observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Sky-Blu \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 High winds at Sky-Blu scour the surface of the ice, making it an ideal runway for wheeled aircraft.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The Dash-7 is used here to deliver supplies, fuel and people for field operations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 At 74\'b051'S,Sky-Blu is the farthest so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 uth the Dash-7 routinely flies. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The blue-ice runway was established in 1997 and is up to 1,200m long and 50m wide.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 It is \lquote groomed\rquote }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 by field support staff and permanently marked by flags. During each season, snow drifts must be cleared away by trac}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 tor before the Dash-7 can land. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Sky-Blu is situated close to Sky-Hi Nunataks in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Eastern Ellsworth Land{\*\xmlclose} and for those stationed there it can seem very isolated. Facilities consist of a large s emi-permanent hut as well as weatherhaven and pyramid tents and weather monitoring equipment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 There is an ice cavern garage for storage of equipment and vehicles. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Twin Otter \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 De Havilland Twin Otters (DHC-C) are a vital part of BAS Antarctic operations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 They transport science teams out to their field camps, they resupply them or move them during the season and then re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 turn them to Rothera or Halley. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The Twin Otter is a high wing,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 twin engine,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 turboprop aircraft.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 They are used all over the world and are known for their rugged construction, reliability and \lquote short take off and landing\rquote (STOL) performance. In other parts of the world, Twin Otters are often termed a \lquote bush\rquote aircraft as they are de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 signed for remote environments. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par The version operated by BAS is the wheel/ski-equipped aircraft which lands on snow, ice or any other type of hard runway. During a typical season they will transport people, fuel, skidoos, sledges, food and scientific equipment to remote camps, landing on skis on unprepared snow.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The planes will also lay depots and stockpile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 fuel for field science parties. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Factfile \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1980\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Wing span\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 19.8m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Length\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 15.7m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Take off weight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 5,670kg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Engines\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Twin Engine Turboprop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Range\tab 1,435km}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 Cruising speed\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 130 knots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Info Box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 A first flight in a Twin Otter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \'93Taking off on gravel in a Twin Otter is smooth but noisy. If you are lucky (and have been trained), you get to sit in the co-pilot seat which allows a fantastic view of the surrounding scenery. Flying close to the ground over the crumpled ice of glaciers, alongside jagged mountains or close over the water is an exhilarating experience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The plane will \lquote bob\rquote on the smallest air current and in the unpressurised aircraft your ears \lquote pop\rquote at altitude.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The landing on skis is not unlike racing over bumpy ground in a very fast sledge \endash you\rquote re glad whe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 n it stops!\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid9310699 Surveying from the air}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The Twin Otters are extremely versatile and can be modified to allow airborne surveying and other scientific equipment to be fitted. Remote sensors fitted to the aircraft provide scientists wit h data on land, ice and sea. Radar can decipher features under the ice or layers within the ice itself. Longer-term monitoring from the air can be used to record the break-up of ice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 sheets or atmospheric changes. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Two of the four BAS Twin Otters are equipped with a full remote sensing capability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 This includes a dual magnetometer \endash instruments used to measure the strength and direction of a magnetic field, which he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 lp detect different rock types.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Other instruments include a radio echo sounder which is used to bounce radio waves through ice to determine its thickness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 There are also several different types of cameras employed for mapping or for counting the populatio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 ns of birds, penguins or seals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Info Box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 Air}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid9310699 borne survey of West Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Twin Otters were used in a joint BAS-University of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}Texas{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} survey of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 This is an area likely to show rapid melting in the future, leading to a rise in global sea level. Operating from two camps 400km apart, the team flew 100,000km in more than 100 separate sorties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The results provided data on ice thickness and structure as well as details of the underlying rock formations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The scientists also discovered several new lake-like structures under the ice and mapped the deepest bedrock in the whole of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The West Antarctic Ice Sheet has rarely been visited by scientists and without this kind of basic information, accurate predictions of futur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 e change are almost impossible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid9310699 Dash-7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The de Havilland Dash-7 (DHC-7) is a four engined aircraft with a worldwide reputation for reliability, economy and performance. It made its first flight to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 {\*\xmlclose} in 1994.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The cabin of the Dash-7 is pressurised \endash some airlines use the plane to transport up to 50 passengers on short-haul routes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The version operated by BAS has had a variety of technical modifications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 These include the fitting of long-range fuel tanks with a fuel jettison system, large cargo door and strengthened cargo floor. It has also been fitted with enhanced avionics and navigation systems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 It usually seats 12\endash 16 people.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 BAS chose the Dash-7 for its rugged design, fuel efficiency and, crucially, short take off and landing capability. As a result of its large slow-turning propellers, the aircr}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 aft is also quiet in operation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Factfile}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid9310699 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1980\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9310699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Wing span\tab 28.4m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Length\tab 24.5m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par Take}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 off weight\tab 21,320kg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid9310699Engines\tab4xTurboprop}{\rtlch\fcs1\af1\afs20\ltrch\fcs0\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Range\tab 4,000km (1,500km fully loaded)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9310699 Maximum speed\tab 230 knots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 During the Antarctic summer, the Dash-7 makes regular flights to and from the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falklands{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The 1,900km journey can be completed in five hours with up to 16 passengers or 2,000kg of cargo on board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 he introduction of the aircraft as an intercontinental link allows some BAS scientists to make relatively short trips for summer fieldwork, rather than spending the entire season south if they were to travel by ship. It has also provided a regular link for spares, urgent supplies and fresh food as well as freeing up the two BAS ships, enabling them to spend more tim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 e at sea on scientific cruises.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Because the Dash-7 can land on ice runways, it is a regular visitor to the field station at Sky-Blu.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 Thanks to its greater capacity over the Twin Otters,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 the Dash-7 has significantly reduced the number of flights requi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 red to ferry fuel and supplies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The aircraft has modifications to allow surveying equipment to be fitted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 This includes magnetometer pods on the wingtips enabling the aircraft to be used for aerial studies, remote se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 nsing work or aerial surveying.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 Info Box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 History of BAS aircraft}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par BAS and its predecessors have been using aircraft in the Antarctic for more than 50 years. In the 1940s, sea-planes were used to carry out aerial surveys from ships. Other planes used in the past have been the single-engined de Havilland Otter and Beaver aircraft. BAS originally used the same air base a s Antarctic aviation pioneer, George Wilkins, on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}Deception{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island{\*\xmlclose} , until a volcanic eruption forced its closure in 1969.The main facility was then transferred to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Adelaide{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}Island {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \endash the current si}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 te of Rothera Research Station. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 Info Box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 The long flight north}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid7739627 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 At the end of the summer season all BAS aircraft leave {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} for servicing and maintenance in the northern hemisphere.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 The flight north is always a strenuous one and each year it takes at least nine days to make the journey, with short hops across South and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}North America{\*\xmlclose}. In October the aircraft return south to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Falkland Islands{\*\xmlclose} before making the crossing to Rot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 hera for another season\rquote s work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 Back cover \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 British Antarctic Survey (BAS), part of the Natural Environment Research Council, is a world leader in research into global science in an Antarctic context. Based in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}, BAS is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} 's national Antarctic operator and has an active and influential role in Antarctic affairs. BAS has over 450 staff and operates five research stations, two Royal Research Ships and five aircraft in and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctica{\*\xmlclose}. By undertaking a world-class programme of science in the Antarctic and related regions, BAS addresses key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} universities and more than 120 national and inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 national collaborations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par \par www.antarctica.ac.uk \par \par \'a9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 NERC 2007.All rights reserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500\charrsid1916500 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid1916500 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7739627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 British Antarctic Survey \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid6901709 High Cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 , {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname address}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname Street}}Madingley Road {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid6901709 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PostalCode}}CB3 0ET{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par Email: info@bas.ac.uk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7739627\charrsid6901709 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916500 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10376297\charrsid1916500 \par }}

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