HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 24 May 2012 03:39:57 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) mod_auth_tkt/1.3.11 PHP/4.3.8 mod_ssl/2.8.19 OpenSSL/0.9.7d mod_perl/1.29 Last-Modified: Mon, 06 Dec 2010 13:34:27 GMT ETag: "126d5b-107c5-4cfce663" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 67525 Connection: close Content-Type: text/rtf {\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f37\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\f38\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f40\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f41\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);} {\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f44\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f45\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f47\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;} {\f48\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f50\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f51\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f52\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);} {\f54\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f55\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0; 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Living in colonies with populations larger than some cities, and surviving in the harshest of conditions, it is no wonder that penguins are seen as the emblem of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 {\*\xmlclose}. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par However, of the 17 different species of penguin, only two (emperor and Ad\'e9lie) make the Antarctic continent their true home, although others (chinstrap, gentoo and macaroni) breed on the northern tip of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}, where conditions are less harsh. King penguins only breed on the warmer more northerly subantarctic islands. One species, the Galapagos peng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 uin, even lives on the equator.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par The real home of all penguins is the cooler wat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ers of the Southern Hemisphere.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid12613595\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Where di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 d the name \'93penguin\'94 come from?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 No one knows. It could come from the Welsh \'93pen gwyn\'94, which means \'93white head\'94, or from the Latin \'93pinguis\'94 , referring to the fat or blubber of the bird. The name penguin was first given to another type of bird, the auk (also a large, fli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ghtless, black and white bird).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 The basic penguin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Antarctic penguins have a striking black and white coat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The distinctive colours and features of each penguin species are on their heads and neck \endash some are black and white, some have yellow patches, and others ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ve elaborate coloured eyebrows.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par All penguins have similar body form and structure, but they vary greatly in size, from the little penguin weighing 1.1kg and about 40cm tall, to the emperor penguin, which weighs up t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 o 40 kg and is about 115cm tall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx2340\tqc\tx4320\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15403182 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Penguin\tab approximate\tab approximate \par Species\tab weight\tab height \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6901709 Emperor\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 38 kg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6901709 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15403182 115 cm \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6901709 King\tab 16 kg\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15403182 94 cm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 Gentoo\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 5.6 kg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 75 cm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 Ad\'e9lie\tab 5.3 kg\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 71 cm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 Chinstrap\tab 5.0 kg\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 71 cm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 Macaroni\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 5.0 kg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 71 cm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14629818 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Primitive penguins?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 Penguins were once thought to be the most primitive of birds. Members of Captain Scott\rquote s famous expedition went on what they described as \'93 the worst journey in the world\'94 in the Antarctic winter to obtain an emperor penguin embryo to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15621480\charrsid14629818 prove this point. But they were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 wrong \endash penguins are highly evolved to be able to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 live in the coldest of places.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid14629818 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Getting about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Although they have wings and feathers, penguins cannot fly. Instead, they have evolved into the most efficient swimmers and divers of all birds. Some species spend 75% of their time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 at sea \endash the most of any birds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par Penguin wings are stiff, short flippers to propel them underwater \endash they literally fly through the sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Their legs are set far back in the body, and together with the tail, form an underwater rudder to their perfectly streamlined bodies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Their \'93cruising\'94 speed in water is about 10km per hour. To catch their breath and to save energy whilst swimming, they leap clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 of the water every few metres. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par They are excellent divers, descending to depths of over 250m, though most of their dives will be in the top 10m. Unlike flying birds, their bones a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 re dense to make diving easier. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Underwater they are every bit as fearsome to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ir prey as lions are to theirs!}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par However, penguins are rarely seen underwater, so our main impression of them is confined to how they appear on land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 With their legs set far back for efficient movement underwater, the penguins walk awkwardly in a very upright position.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 This is possibly the reason for their extraordinary appeal \endash they look}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 like funny little people. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par Even on land, penguins are surprisingly agile.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They can travel vast distances on foot or by \'93tobogganing\'94 , sliding on their bellies over the ice, propelled by their wings and feet. Some penguins are able to hop up great }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 heights compared to their size.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Penguins of old}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Fossil records show that penguins evolved from flying birds (petrels) about 50 million years ago.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 There were at least 25 species, many of which have become extinct. Some fossil penguins were larger than the ones that exist today, with one species a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 lmost as tall as a man (170cm).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Do penguins have knees?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Yes they do, but hidden under their feathers. Penguins appear to have very short legs, but this is because the upper part can\rquote t be seen un}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 derneath their baggy coat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Keeping warm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Penguins cope well in the cold \endash some breed in the coldest conditions in the world.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Their short outer feathers overlap, like tiles on a roof, to form a thick waterproof layer, and underneath are fluffier feathers for warmth. Like seals and whales, a thick layer of fat under the skin provides insulation (and extra reserves for when food is scarce).As a rule,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 the larger the penguin,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 the easier it is to conserve heat. In fact, many penguins are so good at keeping warm that they have a problem with overhe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ating during the summer months.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Colonies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15621480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Penguins are sociable creatures both on land and at sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Their colonies \endash known as \'93rookeries\'94 \endash are often huge, with up to a million nesting pairs. In the pure Antarctic air, you can smell a penguin roo kery from a long way away! Penguins generally breed on exposed rock, beaches or tussock grass, with the exception of the em}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 peror, which breeds on sea-ice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid12613595\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Enemies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15621480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 A healthy adult penguin on land has no natural predators, though eggs and chicks are eaten by other birds (skuas and giant petrels). Penguins usually live in places free of land predators, against which they would be defenceless. However, in water, penguins are hunted by leopard seals and killer whales. Leopard seals cruise the ice edge next to penguin colonies, waiting for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 birds to plunge into the water.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid12613595\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Food}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15621480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The penguin diet consists mainly of fish, squid and crustaceans. In the Antarctic, the smaller penguins mostly feed on shrimp-like krill. Although krill are small (up to 5cm in length ) they form dense swarms which are a rich food source. Penguins can adapt their diet to what is available, and their diet v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 aries considerably with season.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15621480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Electronic dive recorders fitted to the backs of penguins give a picture of their feeding habits, recording the times and depths of their dives.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The deepest diving penguins are the kings and emperors as they search for squid and fish \endash the record holder is a female emperor penguin w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ho reached an astonishing 535m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Though the smaller penguins do not reach such depths, for their size their diving performance is just as remarkable. Gentoo penguins dive to 150m, and a quarter of their dives exceed 100m \endash in extreme cases they can dive almost continuously for 15 hours, compl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 eting over 450 dives.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid15621480 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 hy don\rquote t penguins\rquote feet freeze?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid15621480 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 Penguins stand for hours on ice, but they have two clever ways of keeping their feet the right temperature \endash a few degrees above freezing. Blood flow to their feet is tightly controlled, with reduced flow in cold conditions. Heat exchangers at the top of their legs take heat from the blood flowing to the feet, and use it to heat up the bl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ood flowing back into the body.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Numbers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid5255021 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The total number of breeding pairs of penguins in the Antarctic region is estimated to be about 20 m illion. Although this covers a huge geographical area, the penguins are concentrated in coastal regions. Huddled up in the cold of winter, emperor penguins can reach a densit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 y of 19 birds per square metre.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid5255021 Breedin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid5255021 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The timing of breeding is crucial for p enguins. Unlike humans, which can have babies at any time of year, the penguin breeding cycle is finely tuned, so that chicks hatch and are ready to fend for themselv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 es when food is most plentiful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They are very sensitive to environmental conditions. Bree ding success is usually controlled by the abundance and availability of prey. If sea-ice does not break away, or krill numbers are low, then huge breeding failures can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021 occur, and few chicks survive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Older birds ar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 e the most successful breeders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Most peng uins (except the emperor and king) lay more than one egg, usually two. Incubation duties are shared by both parents, working in shifts until the chick hatches, with varying shift lengths from daily changeovers (gentoo) to over a month (emperor).When they are old enough, the chicks gather together in a cr\'e8che, watched over by a few adults.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 This allows both parents to feed at sea, and provides protecti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 on from the cold and predators.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Case study \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15403182 In 1998, on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}South Georgia {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, the gentoo colony had a disastrous breeding year with only 1% of chicks surviving to fledge (40-60% survive in normal years). However, the nearby macaroni colony had normal levels of breeding success. Both species feed mainly on krill, but in 1998 krill numbers were low.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560\charrsid15403182 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15403182 The maca roni penguins were able to change their diet to smaller crustaceans which were still plentiful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560\charrsid15403182 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid15403182 The gentoos\rquote other preferred food, the ice-fish, is also krill dependent, so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182\charrsid15403182 the gentoos had little to eat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid5255021 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid5255021 Why don\rquote t penguins live in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Arctic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 {\*\xmlclose}?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid5255021 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 To penguins, swimming in warm seas is like walking around in winter clothes in the height of summer! The warm waters of the equator are a barrier to penguins. Even the penguins living close to the equator stick to the cooler water coming from the south. If penguins could travel to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Arctic{\*\xmlclose}, they would find their niche already taken by another bird \endash the puffin. Puffins are also black and white birds with colourful beaks. However, puffins need to be able to fly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 to escape land-based predators.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid5255021\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Feathers and moulting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 A penguin\rquote s feathers keep it waterproof and warm, and must be well oiled (using oil from a special gland at the base of the tail). Feathers become worn out and must be replaced every year. During the 3-4 weeks of moulting, penguins come ashore. Be cause they are no longer waterproof when they lose their feathers and cannot go to sea to feed, penguins fatten up before moulting, gaining a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 n astonishing 50-70% in weight.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid2041886\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 How do you monitor a p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 enguin colony?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Firstly, by counting the penguins daily over many months, to find out the timing of events such as egg laying and hatching.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560\charrsid11148687 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 With thousands of pairs in a colony, this is not an easy task! When adults return from the sea to feed the chick their diet is analysed. Satellite tracking monitors the location of penguins at sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560\charrsid11148687 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 All this data is tied in with information about the fish, krill and squid in the nearby waters to build up a picture of how peng}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 uins \'93go about their business\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid2041886 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 Ad\'e9lie peng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 uins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Pygoscelis adeliae}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid2041886 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 With their black back and head, and white front, Ad\'e9lie penguins are like miniature men in evening dress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They are named after the wife of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Dumont{\*\xmlclose} d\rquote Urville,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383 the French Antarctic explorer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Ad\'e9lies are truly Antarctic penguins, restricted to Antarctic coastal waters. During winter they spend their time in the pack ice, then in the summer they move sout}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383 h, back to the Antarctic coast.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Closely packed Ad\'e9lie rookeries of many thousands of pairs are found all around the Antarctic continent, on ice-free slopes and islands, often far from op en water. Fishing mainly for krill, they can dive up to 175m, but mainly c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383 atch their food at the surface.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They experience the briefest of breeding seasons in the harshest conditions. The males arrive at the breeding ground first, walking many miles over sea-ice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 When the females arrive a few days later, a brief courtship of flipper-waving and calling follows \endash but they must hurry, with such short summers, they don\rquote t have much time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Two eggs are laid in mid-November, tended by both parents, which hatch in late December.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The chicks join a cr\'e8 che at three weeks, and b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383 y mid-February they are at sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Ad\'e9lies are very vulnerable until they reach the cr\'e8che stage, and less than two-thirds of them make it this far. Once at sea they are fairly safe, and can live mo re than 16 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Though they have the highest mortality for juveniles and adults of any penguins species, they are a successful species, wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 h two and a half million pairs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid11148687 Info box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Though only small,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid9241383\charrsid11148687 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Ad \'e9lies are penguins with attitude,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560\charrsid11148687 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 and will rush out of a colony to attack a visiting}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 scientist with their flippers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Chinstrap penguins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid9241383 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Pygoscelis {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}antarctica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid9241383 {\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Named after the black band of feathers under their chin, chinstrap penguins are probably the most abundant penguin in the Antarctic regions, with an estimated population of nearly eight million pairs, concentra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 ted on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Living mainly on a diet of crustaceans (they can dive up to 70m but catch most of their food in half-minute dives in the top 10m of the sea), chinstraps stick clo se to their breeding grounds. Unusu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 ally, they often dive at night.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They nest on ice-free slopes with thousands of breeding pairs, sometimes with their closest relatives,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Ad\'e9lie and gentoo penguins.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The highest slopes are the most popular (they become ice-free first) and they use their beak and claws to reach seemingly improbable spots. \par They form a strong pair bond, returning each year to the same nest site with the same partner. Because of their warmer breeding location, chinstraps enjoy a longer breeding sea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 son than the Ad \'e9lie.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The eggs are laid late in November and hatch in early January, and the chicks have usually fledged two months later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The two chicks are treated equally by the parents, but breeding success is severely reduced if the sea-ice does not break}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 away from near their colonies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid11148687\charrsid11148687 Info box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 In the world of penguins, chinstraps live in some of the largest cities, with colonies of over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 100,000 pairs on some islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Gentoo penguins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 Py}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 goscelis papua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Gentoo penguins live up to their Latin name pygoscelis \endash brush tailed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They have the most prominent tail of all penguins, which sticks out behind and sweeps }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 from side to side as they walk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par They have white patches extending from their eyes and a bright red-orange beak. No one knows where the name \'93gentoo\'94 came from, but they are one of the least numerous Antarctic penguins, wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 h about 300,000 breeding pairs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Gentoo penguins are less likely to stick together than other penguins and can be found in small groups, sometimes with other species. Although t hey are not strongly attached to the same nest site (they have plenty of choice of sites) their pair-bonding is strong, and they usually mate with the sam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 e partner as the previous year.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They nest on low hilltops or open beaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 When available, they make a nest with pebbles and other objects, and sometimes use a scrape in the ground \endash but all nests are fiercely defended. Two eggs are laid. In southern locations the first and second-born chicks are equally likely to survive, but the second gentoo chick to h atch in more northerly islands usually dies. If both chicks die, breeding may take place again. Once hatched, the chicks join }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 the cr\'e8che about a month later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 There are large differences in gentoo penguins from different locations. Fledging is far quicker in the south (62-82 days) than in the north (85-117 days) and gentoos from the south are smaller than their northerly relatives. Unusually for penguins, their breeding times are not well synchronised and their breeding success fluctu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ates greatly from year to year.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 Info box}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid11148687\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Young gentoo penguins are very adventurous and have been spotted on the coasts of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Africa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 {\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 King penguins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Aptenodytes patagonicus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 King penguins are the second largest penguins, with a striking patch of orange-gold feather s on their neck. They are expert divers, reaching depths of greater than 240m, but walk s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 lowly and deliberately on land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par Unlike their closest relative, the emperor penguin, kings prefer warmer temperatures and live in regions of the subantarctic. Although they look similar, king and emperor penguins rarely meet. King penguins live on the vegetated margins of subantarctic islands, meaning that they do not have to put up with the temperature extremes of the Antarctic continent. However, they too have }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 highly unusual breeding cycles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 A single egg is laid any time from November to April and incubated on the feet. Both parents share the parenting as open water is always close by. It can take 10 to 13 months to fledge a chick. Because of this long chick-rearing p eriod, king penguins only produce two chicks every three years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 When six weeks old, the chick joins a cr\'e8 che whilst its parents go fishing. In a king penguin colony there may be 12-month-old chicks around whilst o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 ther birds are incubating eggs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid12613595\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They live in colonies of varying sizes,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 from 30 birds to tens of thousands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 In the 19th and 20th centuries, populations were reduced through exploitation for their oil, flesh, eggs and skins \endash populations are now thought to be expanding, and in 1993 there were estimated to be o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ver one million breeding pairs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 The woolly-coated king penguin chicks were listed as an entirely different species from their parents,\'93the woolly penguin\'94,in scientific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 books of the 19th century.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Macaroni penguins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Eudyptes chrysolophus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Named after the bizarre \'93Macaroni coiffure\'94 hairstyles of 18th century dandies, macaroni penguins have or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 ange tufty plumes for eyebrows.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 With an estimated population of 12 million breeding pairs, macaroni penguins are the most numerous penguins, but o nly a proportion of them live in the Antarctic region where they inhabit subantarctic islands (although there is one macaroni rookery on the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 ntarctic Peninsula).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Macaronis are very colonial, forming massive colonies of hundreds of thousands of birds, nesting on hillsides and rocky cliffs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They are very vocal, especially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 when establishing territories.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Like other crested penguins, the macaroni has a curious egg-laying habit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Two eggs are laid, the first much smaller than the second.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The small egg rarely hatches, and only one chick is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 ever raised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 Why? No one knows.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 On the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}island{\*\xmlclose} of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} South Georgia{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} they arrive at their breeding grounds in late October and lay their eggs about two weeks later. Long incubation shifts are shared between both parents, who can los e up to half of their body weight. The chick fledges two months after hatching. Only one third of the breeding pairs raise a chick to fledge, but this success rate is very stable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The macaroni does not experience the boom and bust cycles of other penguins, possibly because they concentrate t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 heir efforts on just one chick.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Scientists are still puzzling as to why the smaller of the two eggs laid by crested penguins will produce a chick }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid11148687 only if the larger egg is lost.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3215405 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 Emperor penguin \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid3215405 Aptenodytes forsteri \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and one of the largest of all birds. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up their black heads. If the Ad\'e9lies are the comics of the penguin world, the slow, dignified emperor}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 s are the elder statesmen.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have unique breeding cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The emperor penguins breed the furthest south of any penguin species, forming large colonies on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic continent.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They are true Antarctic birds, rarely s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 een in the subantarctic waters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 So that the chicks can fledge in the late summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with temperatures as low at -50\'b0C and wi nds up to 200km per hour. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate to incubate whilst she goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 losing 45% of his body weight.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The male balances the egg on his feet, which are covered in a thick roll of skin and feathers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The egg can be 70\'b0C warmer than the outside temperature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 To achieve this amazing preservation of heat,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 emperors have a special combination of adaptations, with a dense double layer of feathers and a large fat reserve.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They also cast aside the aggression of other species, with up to 5,000 adults and chicks huddling together for warmth, shuffling round so each gets a turn on the outside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 To prevent heat loss, emperor penguins have proportionally smaller beaks and flippers compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 d to other penguins.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 When the female arrives back in August, just around the time when the chicks are due to hatch, she takes over feeding the chick whilst the male treks up to 100km over the ice to find food. Afterwar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 ds, both adults rear the chick.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 When the sea-ice begins to break out in December/January the chicks are shedding their soft down, but still go to sea, weighing only 60% of adult weight, the lowest value for any penguin. It is thought that emperors evolved this unusual winter breedi ng to allow the chick to be independent at a time when food is most plentiful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They can breed when they are three years old, but many will not start until they are six.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373 ey can live for up to 20 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182\charrsid6901709 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 They have a high survival rate compared to other pe nguins, with an average of 95% surviving the year. However, if it is a harsh sea-ice year, many chicks will die of starvation. Emperors are the least common Antarctic penguin, with only a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 bout 200,000 breeding pairs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid11148687 Info box \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 Emperor penguins may be the only bird never to set foot on land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid10558373\charrsid11148687 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 They even breed on frozen sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid11148687 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 The future}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid10558373 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Antarctic penguins are very abundant, perhaps due to the remoteness of their breeding grounds, and their future is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 not under any immediate threat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 However, they are highly sensitive to changes in their food supply \endash the fish, krill and squid of the Southern Ocean. Fisheries in this region are closely managed to take acco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 unt of the demands of penguins.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 Climate change is likely to cause a redistribution of penguin populations, with less hardy penguins travelling further south as conditions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 become more favourable to them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 For example, the gradual warming of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose} has reduced the area covered by winter sea-ice. New, ice-free areas have become available to the open-water loving chinstrap penguin.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid7893560 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The pack ice loving Ad\'e9lie penguin must range further south to find ide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 al conditions in which to live.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The fossil record shows that past climate change may have caused the extinction of many penguin species. Penguins are a n indicator species for the effects of future climate change, as a small shift in temperature in icy regions can have a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 larger, more widespread impact.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 The seas in the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctic Peninsula{\*\xmlclose} region are an important nursery for the main food source of the Southern Ocean \endash the Antarctic krill. Krill supplies are closely interlinked with breeding success in penguin populations. Recent research shows that there could be serious consequences for penguins if climate change in the Antarctic region affects krill popu lations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\fs20\insrsid3632067\charrsid11148687 Back cover \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 British Antarctic Survey (BAS), part of the Natural Environment Research Council, is a world leader in research into global science in an Antarctic context. Based in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose}, BAS is the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}'s national Antarctic operator and has an ac tive and influential role in Antarctic affairs. BAS employs over 450 staff and operates five research stations, two Royal Research Ships and five aircraft in and around {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Antarctica{\*\xmlclose} . By undertaking a world-class programme of science in the Antarctic and related regions, BAS addresses key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} universities and over 120 national an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 d international collaborations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par \par www.antarctica.ac.uk \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \'a9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 NERC 2006.All rights reserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 \par British Antarctic Survey \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 High Cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 , {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}} Madingley Road{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Cambridge{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}CB3 0ET {\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid3632067 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid15403182 Email: info@bas.ac.uk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid6901709\charrsid6901709 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\insrsid12734850\charrsid6901709 \par }}

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